radiation

Question 1

what is radiation?

Answer 1

energy in the form of electromagnetic wave or particulate matter that is travelling in the air

Question 2

what is radioactivity?

Answer 2

unstable nucleus which emits or absorbs particles

Question 3

what is ionizing radiation?

Answer 3

produced by unstable atoms that have an excess energy, excess mass or both which they emit in order to gain stability

Question 4

what is ionizing radiation, in terms of electrons?

Answer 4

radiation has enough energy to eject one or more electron from the atoms or molecules exposed to the radiation

Question 5

what are the natural sources of radiation?

Answer 5

1-cosmic rays from the sun
2- the earth
3- the human body
4- radon[ an element]
5- building materials

Question 6

what are man-made sources of radiation?

Answer 6

1- consumer products
2- nuclear power
3- medical sources
4- fallout: nuclear explosions

Question 7

what are the quantification of radiation?

Answer 7

1- quantifying radioactive decay
2- quantifying the exposure
3- quantifying the dose

Question 8

what are the types of ionizing radiation?

Answer 8

1- gamma ray
2- beta particle
3- alpha particle
4- x-rays
5- neutrons

Question 9

describe penetration ability from lowest to highest

Answer 9

alpha
beta
gamma and x-ray

Question 10

describe ionization ability from the lowest to highest

Answer 10

gamma and x-ray
beta particle
alpha

Question 11

what is an alpha particle

Answer 11

the nucleus of a helium, containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons

Question 12

what is the charge on an alpha particle?

Answer 12

+2

Question 13

what is alpha particle stopped by?

Answer 13

paper

Question 14

where is alpha particle found?

Answer 14

1- soil
2- radon
3- radioactive materials

Question 15

what are the types of beta particles?

Answer 15

electron and positron

Question 16

what is the positron of beta particle?

Answer 16

subatomic particle with the same mass and numerically equal to electron but has a positive charge instead

Question 17

where are the electrons emitted from to form beta particles?

Answer 17

the electrons are formed by the transformation of a neutron into a proton which remains in the nucleus and an electron which is transmitted at high speed

Question 18

what is beta particle stopped by?

Answer 18

aluminum foil, and plastic

Question 19

what is the hazourdnes of alpha particle?

Answer 19

it has internal hazards only if ingested as it cant travel far anyways

Question 20

what is the hazourdness of a beta particle?

Answer 20

it has internal hazard and external hazard such as to the eye and skin

Question 21

what is x-ray and gamma ray stopped by?

Answer 21

thick lead or concrete

Question 22

what is x-ray radiation?

Answer 22

when an inner electron is removed, causing the remaining electrons to arrange themselves. the re-arranging release x-ray energy

Question 23

what is gamma-ray?

Answer 23

waves of electromagnetic waves/energy emitted after the emission of a beta or alpha particle

Question 24

what occurs during ionization at cellular level?

Answer 24

1-causes breakage in 1 or both DNA strands
2- causes formation of free radicals

Question 25

what are the health effects of ionizing radiation?

Answer 25

1-generalization 2-acute somatic effects 3- delayed somatic effect 4- genetic effects 5- critical organs

Question 26

describe generalization effect

Answer 26

ionization process destroys capacity of cell reproduction, divison and cell mutation * the fatal does is 600k

Question 27

describe acute somatic effect

Answer 27

ionization process causes immediate effects to person such as damage to bone marrow and intestinal wall which may lead to death

Question 28

what does severity of acute somatic effect depend on?

Answer 28

the dose

Question 29

describe delayed somatic effect

Answer 29

ionization process causes delayed effects to exposed person such as cancer, leukemia ,short lifespan and miscarriages

Question 30

what does severtity of delayed somatic effect depend on?

Answer 30

other factors but not the dose

Question 31

describe genetic effects

Answer 31

ionization process causes genetic effects which can be passed on to offspring and is irreversible and may be harmful

Question 32

describe critical organ effect

Answer 32

ionization process causes nuclei of atoms of specific isotopes to concentrate in certain organs which are sensitive to radiation damage such as lymphocytes, bone marrow and intestinal wall

Question 33

give an example for critical organ effect

Answer 33

isotopes of iodine concentrates in thyroid gland which is a critical organ for nuclides of iodine

Question 34

define non-ionizing radiation

Answer 34

electromagnetic waves incapable of producing ions while passing through matter, due to their low energies

Question 35

what are uses of radiation?

Answer 35

1-food sterilization 2- nuclear power:electricity 3- industrial use 4-medical use

Question 36

outline path of incoming solar radiation

Answer 36

reflection, scattering and absorption all occur

Question 37

what is albedo?

Answer 37

a measure of how well a surface reflects the suns rays

Question 38

what are the effects of being exposed to radiation?

Answer 38

1- carcinogenicity: ability to cause cancer 2- cataracts: lens of eye develops cloudy patches 3- heating of the body 4- teratogenicity: ability to cause defect in developing fetus

Question 39

what is the radio frequency range?

Answer 39

10 KHz to 300 GHz

Question 40

what are 2 ways for radiation control?

Answer 40

1- basic control measure for external radiation 2- monitoring

Question 41

describe basic control measure for external radiation

Answer 41

1-decrease time of exposure of workers by changing shifts 2-increase distance between workers and source 3-increases shielding between workers and source by placing a absorbing shield between them

Question 42

describe monitoring

Answer 42

use of device which provide a record of accumulated exposure for an individual worker over extended period of time

Question 43

what are devices used during monitoring?

Answer 43

1- pocket dosimeters 2- film badges 3-thermo luminescence detectors [TLD]

Question 44

what are the elements of radiation protection program?

Answer 44

1- monitoring of exposure 2- task-specific procedures and control 3-emergency procedures 4-trainning and hazard communication 5-material handling