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Environmental > radiation > Flashcards

radiation Flashcards

1
Q

what is radiation?

A

energy in the form of electromagnetic wave or particulate matter that is travelling in the air

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2
Q

what is radioactivity?

A

unstable nucleus which emits or absorbs particles

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3
Q

what is ionizing radiation?

A

produced by unstable atoms that have an excess energy, excess mass or both which they emit in order to gain stability

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4
Q

what is ionizing radiation, in terms of electrons?

A

radiation has enough energy to eject one or more electron from the atoms or molecules exposed to the radiation

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5
Q

what are the natural sources of radiation?

A

1-cosmic rays from the sun
2- the earth
3- the human body
4- radon[ an element]
5- building materials

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6
Q

what are man-made sources of radiation?

A

1- consumer products
2- nuclear power
3- medical sources
4- fallout: nuclear explosions

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7
Q

what are the quantification of radiation?

A

1- quantifying radioactive decay
2- quantifying the exposure
3- quantifying the dose

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8
Q

what are the types of ionizing radiation?

A

1- gamma ray
2- beta particle
3- alpha particle
4- x-rays
5- neutrons

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9
Q

describe penetration ability from lowest to highest

A

alpha
beta
gamma and x-ray

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10
Q

describe ionization ability from the lowest to highest

A

gamma and x-ray
beta particle
alpha

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11
Q

what is an alpha particle

A

the nucleus of a helium, containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons

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12
Q

what is the charge on an alpha particle?

A

+2

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13
Q

what is alpha particle stopped by?

A

paper

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14
Q

where is alpha particle found?

A

1- soil
2- radon
3- radioactive materials

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15
Q

what are the types of beta particles?

A

electron and positron

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16
Q

what is the positron of beta particle?

A

subatomic particle with the same mass and numerically equal to electron but has a positive charge instead

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17
Q

where are the electrons emitted from to form beta particles?

A

the electrons are formed by the transformation of a neutron into a proton which remains in the nucleus and an electron which is transmitted at high speed

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18
Q

what is beta particle stopped by?

A

aluminum foil, and plastic

19
Q

what is the hazourdnes of alpha particle?

A

it has internal hazards only if ingested as it cant travel far anyways

20
Q

what is the hazourdness of a beta particle?

A

it has internal hazard and external hazard such as to the eye and skin

21
Q

what is x-ray and gamma ray stopped by?

A

thick lead or concrete

22
Q

what is x-ray radiation?

A

when an inner electron is removed, causing the remaining electrons to arrange themselves. the re-arranging release x-ray energy

23
Q

what is gamma-ray?

A

waves of electromagnetic waves/energy emitted after the emission of a beta or alpha particle

24
Q

what occurs during ionization at cellular level?

A

1-causes breakage in 1 or both DNA strands
2- causes formation of free radicals

25
Q

what are the health effects of ionizing radiation?

A

1-generalization
2-acute somatic effects
3- delayed somatic effect
4- genetic effects
5- critical organs

26
Q

describe generalization effect

A

ionization process destroys capacity of cell reproduction, divison and cell mutation
* the fatal does is 600k

27
Q

describe acute somatic effect

A

ionization process causes immediate effects to person such as damage to bone marrow and intestinal wall which may lead to death

28
Q

what does severity of acute somatic effect depend on?

A

the dose

29
Q

describe delayed somatic effect

A

ionization process causes delayed effects to exposed person such as cancer, leukemia ,short lifespan and miscarriages

30
Q

what does severtity of delayed somatic effect depend on?

A

other factors but not the dose

31
Q

describe genetic effects

A

ionization process causes genetic effects which can be passed on to offspring and is irreversible and may be harmful

32
Q

describe critical organ effect

A

ionization process causes nuclei of atoms of specific isotopes to concentrate in certain organs which are sensitive to radiation damage such as lymphocytes, bone marrow and intestinal wall

33
Q

give an example for critical organ effect

A

isotopes of iodine concentrates in thyroid gland which is a critical organ for nuclides of iodine

34
Q

define non-ionizing radiation

A

electromagnetic waves incapable of producing ions while passing through matter, due to their low energies

35
Q

what are uses of radiation?

A

1-food sterilization
2- nuclear power:electricity
3- industrial use
4-medical use

36
Q

outline path of incoming solar radiation

A

reflection, scattering and absorption all occur

37
Q

what is albedo?

A

a measure of how well a surface reflects the suns rays

38
Q

what are the effects of being exposed to radiation?

A

1- carcinogenicity: ability to cause cancer
2- cataracts: lens of eye develops cloudy patches
3- heating of the body
4- teratogenicity: ability to cause defect in developing fetus

39
Q

what is the radio frequency range?

A

10 KHz to 300 GHz

40
Q

what are 2 ways for radiation control?

A

1- basic control measure for external radiation
2- monitoring

41
Q

describe basic control measure for external radiation

A

1-decrease time of exposure of workers by changing shifts
2-increase distance between workers and source
3-increases shielding between workers and source by placing a absorbing shield between them

42
Q

describe monitoring

A

use of device which provide a record of accumulated exposure for an individual worker over extended period of time

43
Q

what are devices used during monitoring?

A

1- pocket dosimeters
2- film badges
3-thermo luminescence detectors [TLD]

44
Q

what are the elements of radiation protection program?

A

1- monitoring of exposure
2- task-specific procedures and control
3-emergency procedures
4-trainning and hazard communication
5-material handling

Environmental (5 decks)

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