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Radbio Test Flashcards

0
Q

Skin redness

A

Erythema

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1
Q

What is radiobiology?

A

“Branch of science concerned with the methods of interaction and the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems”

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2
Q

Define desquamation

A

The shedding of the outer layers of the skin

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3
Q

Hair loss

A

Epilation

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4
Q

Who was Clarence Dally?

A

Thomas Edison’s assistant
Documented the side effects of xrays
Helped prove the dangers of radiation
Died from radiation

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5
Q

Who created the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau and when?

A

Radiologist Jean Bergonie and histologist Louis Tribondeau in 1906

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6
Q

Describe the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

A

Concluded that immature cells are more sensitive to radiation than mature cells by exposing rodent testicles

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7
Q

______ is the most radiosensitive.

A

Fetus

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8
Q

Define repopulation.

A

Refers to the ability of normal tissues to replenish themselves following injury

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9
Q

Define protraction.

A

The time during which a course of radiation is given.

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10
Q

Describe the fractionation theory

A

Concluded that it is better to give radiation treatment slowly rather than a large dose at one time

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11
Q

The unit of radiation quantity

A

Roentgen

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12
Q

The energy absorbed in matter from any type of radiation

A

Rad

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13
Q

The unit of dose equivalent of occupational exposure

A

Rem

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14
Q

What is the effective dose limit for occupational exposure?

A

5 rem per year

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15
Q

What is the effective dose limit for infrequent public exposure?

A

0.5 rem

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16
Q

SI unit for rem

A

Sievert

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17
Q

SI unit for rad

A

Gray

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18
Q

SI unit for roentgen

A

Coulomb/kilogram

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19
Q

ICRP stands for?

A

International Commission of Radiological Protection

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20
Q

NCRP stands for?

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement

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21
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic unit of structure and function of all living things

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22
Q

Water makes up about ____% of a person’s total body weight

A

80

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23
Q

What are germ cells?

A

Sexually reproducing cells

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24
What are somatic cells?
All other cells within the body
25
What is mitosis?
The process of cell division in which the nucleus and the cytoplasm divide to form two identical cells
26
What is meiosis?
The process of cell division for the purpose of reproduction
27
T/F - DNA is the most radiosensitive part of the cell.
True
28
What does LET stand for?
Linear energy transfer
29
What does RBE stand for?
Relative biologic effectiveness
30
What does OER stand for?
Oxygen enhancement ratio
31
What is a direct interaction?
Radiation interacts with a macromolecule (a large molecule such as DNA)
32
What is an indirect reaction?
Radiation interacts with the suspension medium or a noncritical molecule then transfers to a critical molecule
33
Which interaction is most common?
Indirect
34
What is the most critical target of radiation?
DNA
35
What does linear mean?
An observed response is directly proportional to the dose
36
What does threshold mean?
Assumes that there is a radiation level reached below with there are no effects observed
37
What does nonthreshold mean?
assumes that any radiation will produce an effect
38
What does nonlinear mean?
The observed effect is NOT proportional to the radiation dose received
39
Straight line =
Linear
40
Curved line =
Nonlinear
41
Line begins above zero =
Threshold
42
Line begins at zero =
Nonthreshold
43
What does diagnostic radiography mostly deal with?
Linear, non-threshold dose-response relationships
44
What is meant by LD 50/60 and what is it?
The lethal dose required to kill 50% of the population within 60 days and 250-300 rads
45
What are the four response stages?
Prodromal Latent Manifest Death or recovery
46
Describe the Prodromal stage
1st stage Nausea/vomitting/diarrhea Can occur with doses as low as 100 rads
47
Describe the latent stage
2nd stage Appear symptom free Sometimes mistaken for early recovery
48
Describe the manifest stage
3rd stage Visually ill Organ system has been damaged
49
Describe death or recovery
Final stage | Patient will die or recover depending on the dose and which organs have been damaged
50
What is bone marrow syndrome also known as?
Hematologic or hematopoietic
51
Describe none marrow syndrome
Exposure 200-1,000 R Death within 10-60 days Reduction of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Death results from anemia or infection
52
Describe gastrointestinal syndrome
Exhibited by nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea as a result of damage to the villi in the small intestine, which leads to a lack of absorption. Results in dehydration and infection. Ultimate death occurs due to the severe damage to the stem cells liming the intestines.
53
Describe central nervous system syndrome
Exhibited by nervousness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, and burning sensations of the skin; which are a result of damage to blood vessels and increased intracranial pressure. Ultimate cause of death is elevated fluid content of the brain.
54
What is atrophy?
Shrinking of tissues or organs
55
Describe stochastic effects
Occur randomly; the probability of being affected increase with dose
56
Describe nonstochastic effects
Deterministic; the severity of the injury increases with the dose, not the change of it occurring
57
What is coherent scattering?
The incident x-ray interacts with a target atom causing it to be excited; results in a change in direction of the x-Ray without a change in its energy
58
What is the Compton effect or Compton scattering?
Incident x-ray interacts with an outer shell electron and ejects it from the atom therefore ionizing the atom *one of the 2 primary interactions in the diagnostic ranges*
59
What is the photoelectric effect?
The incident x-ray interacts with an inner shell electron and it is completely absorbed *this is one of the 2 primary interactions in the diagnostic ranges*
60
What is pair production?
Incident x-Ray has enough power to interact with the nuclear field of the atom it hits
61
What is photodisintegration?
Incident x-Ray is absorbed directly by the nucleus of the atom it interacts with; releases a nuclear fragment
62
What is a carcinoma?
Growth or tumor
63
Cancer causing =
Carcinogenic
64
4 populations that are used as sources of data on the incidence of radiation induced cancer =
1) atomic bomb survivors 2) medically exposed patients 3) occupationally exposed personnel 4) populations that receive high natural background exposure
65
Radiation induced malignancies include:
``` Leukemia Skin carcinoma Thyroid cancer Breast cancer Osteosarcoma Lung cancer ```
66
What did Russell conclude?
1) radiation is a powerful mutagenic agent 2) the majority of mutations are unhealthy to the organism 3) there are no unique mutations produced by radiation 4) radiation-induced genetic damage can occur as a result of a single mutation
67
Three stages of fetus development:
Pre-implantation Major organogenesis Fetal or growth stage
68
Describe pre-implantation stage
From conception to 9 days | Radiation has an all or nothing effect
69
Describe major organogenesis
2nd thru 8th week Incidence of congenital abnormalities more frequent during this stage Different organs at risk during different points throughout the stage
70
Describe fetal growth stage
9th week thru end of pregnancy Mostly affect the nervous/sensory organs Damage may not manifest until later on in life
71
What is radiation hormesis?
The theory that ionizing radiation is benign at low levels of exposure, and that doses at the level of natural background radiation can be beneficial *scientific consensus is NOT to accept radiation hormesis*

Radbio Test (1 decks)

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