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Radbio Test > Radbio Test > Flashcards

Radbio Test Flashcards

0
Q

Skin redness

A

Erythema

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1
Q

What is radiobiology?

A

“Branch of science concerned with the methods of interaction and the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems”

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2
Q

Define desquamation

A

The shedding of the outer layers of the skin

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3
Q

Hair loss

A

Epilation

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4
Q

Who was Clarence Dally?

A

Thomas Edison’s assistant
Documented the side effects of xrays
Helped prove the dangers of radiation
Died from radiation

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5
Q

Who created the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau and when?

A

Radiologist Jean Bergonie and histologist Louis Tribondeau in 1906

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6
Q

Describe the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

A

Concluded that immature cells are more sensitive to radiation than mature cells by exposing rodent testicles

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7
Q

______ is the most radiosensitive.

A

Fetus

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8
Q

Define repopulation.

A

Refers to the ability of normal tissues to replenish themselves following injury

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9
Q

Define protraction.

A

The time during which a course of radiation is given.

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10
Q

Describe the fractionation theory

A

Concluded that it is better to give radiation treatment slowly rather than a large dose at one time

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11
Q

The unit of radiation quantity

A

Roentgen

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12
Q

The energy absorbed in matter from any type of radiation

A

Rad

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13
Q

The unit of dose equivalent of occupational exposure

A

Rem

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14
Q

What is the effective dose limit for occupational exposure?

A

5 rem per year

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15
Q

What is the effective dose limit for infrequent public exposure?

A

0.5 rem

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16
Q

SI unit for rem

A

Sievert

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17
Q

SI unit for rad

A

Gray

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18
Q

SI unit for roentgen

A

Coulomb/kilogram

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19
Q

ICRP stands for?

A

International Commission of Radiological Protection

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20
Q

NCRP stands for?

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement

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21
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic unit of structure and function of all living things

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22
Q

Water makes up about ____% of a person’s total body weight

A

80

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23
Q

What are germ cells?

A

Sexually reproducing cells

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24
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

All other cells within the body

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25
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process of cell division in which the nucleus and the cytoplasm divide to form two identical cells

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26
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The process of cell division for the purpose of reproduction

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27
Q

T/F - DNA is the most radiosensitive part of the cell.

A

True

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28
Q

What does LET stand for?

A

Linear energy transfer

29
Q

What does RBE stand for?

A

Relative biologic effectiveness

30
Q

What does OER stand for?

A

Oxygen enhancement ratio

31
Q

What is a direct interaction?

A

Radiation interacts with a macromolecule (a large molecule such as DNA)

32
Q

What is an indirect reaction?

A

Radiation interacts with the suspension medium or a noncritical molecule then transfers to a critical molecule

33
Q

Which interaction is most common?

A

Indirect

34
Q

What is the most critical target of radiation?

A

DNA

35
Q

What does linear mean?

A

An observed response is directly proportional to the dose

36
Q

What does threshold mean?

A

Assumes that there is a radiation level reached below with there are no effects observed

37
Q

What does nonthreshold mean?

A

assumes that any radiation will produce an effect

38
Q

What does nonlinear mean?

A

The observed effect is NOT proportional to the radiation dose received

39
Q

Straight line =

A

Linear

40
Q

Curved line =

A

Nonlinear

41
Q

Line begins above zero =

A

Threshold

42
Q

Line begins at zero =

A

Nonthreshold

43
Q

What does diagnostic radiography mostly deal with?

A

Linear, non-threshold dose-response relationships

44
Q

What is meant by LD 50/60 and what is it?

A

The lethal dose required to kill 50% of the population within 60 days and 250-300 rads

45
Q

What are the four response stages?

A

Prodromal
Latent
Manifest
Death or recovery

46
Q

Describe the Prodromal stage

A

1st stage
Nausea/vomitting/diarrhea
Can occur with doses as low as 100 rads

47
Q

Describe the latent stage

A

2nd stage
Appear symptom free
Sometimes mistaken for early recovery

48
Q

Describe the manifest stage

A

3rd stage
Visually ill
Organ system has been damaged

49
Q

Describe death or recovery

A

Final stage

Patient will die or recover depending on the dose and which organs have been damaged

50
Q

What is bone marrow syndrome also known as?

A

Hematologic or hematopoietic

51
Q

Describe none marrow syndrome

A

Exposure 200-1,000 R
Death within 10-60 days
Reduction of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Death results from anemia or infection

52
Q

Describe gastrointestinal syndrome

A

Exhibited by nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea as a result of damage to the villi in the small intestine, which leads to a lack of absorption. Results in dehydration and infection. Ultimate death occurs due to the severe damage to the stem cells liming the intestines.

53
Q

Describe central nervous system syndrome

A

Exhibited by nervousness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, and burning sensations of the skin; which are a result of damage to blood vessels and increased intracranial pressure. Ultimate cause of death is elevated fluid content of the brain.

54
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Shrinking of tissues or organs

55
Q

Describe stochastic effects

A

Occur randomly; the probability of being affected increase with dose

56
Q

Describe nonstochastic effects

A

Deterministic; the severity of the injury increases with the dose, not the change of it occurring

57
Q

What is coherent scattering?

A

The incident x-ray interacts with a target atom causing it to be excited; results in a change in direction of the x-Ray without a change in its energy

58
Q

What is the Compton effect or Compton scattering?

A

Incident x-ray interacts with an outer shell electron and ejects it from the atom therefore ionizing the atom

one of the 2 primary interactions in the diagnostic ranges

59
Q

What is the photoelectric effect?

A

The incident x-ray interacts with an inner shell electron and it is completely absorbed

this is one of the 2 primary interactions in the diagnostic ranges

60
Q

What is pair production?

A

Incident x-Ray has enough power to interact with the nuclear field of the atom it hits

61
Q

What is photodisintegration?

A

Incident x-Ray is absorbed directly by the nucleus of the atom it interacts with; releases a nuclear fragment

62
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

Growth or tumor

63
Q

Cancer causing =

A

Carcinogenic

64
Q

4 populations that are used as sources of data on the incidence of radiation induced cancer =

A

1) atomic bomb survivors
2) medically exposed patients
3) occupationally exposed personnel
4) populations that receive high natural background exposure

65
Q

Radiation induced malignancies include:

A 
Leukemia 
Skin carcinoma 
Thyroid cancer 
Breast cancer 
Osteosarcoma 
Lung cancer
66
Q

What did Russell conclude?

A

1) radiation is a powerful mutagenic agent
2) the majority of mutations are unhealthy to the organism
3) there are no unique mutations produced by radiation
4) radiation-induced genetic damage can occur as a result of a single mutation

67
Q

Three stages of fetus development:

A

Pre-implantation
Major organogenesis
Fetal or growth stage

68
Q

Describe pre-implantation stage

A

From conception to 9 days

Radiation has an all or nothing effect

69
Q

Describe major organogenesis

A

2nd thru 8th week
Incidence of congenital abnormalities more frequent during this stage
Different organs at risk during different points throughout the stage

70
Q

Describe fetal growth stage

A

9th week thru end of pregnancy
Mostly affect the nervous/sensory organs
Damage may not manifest until later on in life

71
Q

What is radiation hormesis?

A

The theory that ionizing radiation is benign at low levels of exposure, and that doses at the level of natural background radiation can be beneficial

scientific consensus is NOT to accept radiation hormesis

Radbio Test (1 decks)

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