Radbio Review of Terms Flashcards
Stores energy in body for long period of time
Lipids
Equilibrium or maintaining normal functions
Homeostasis
Phase of cell division where mitotic spindle is complete
Metaphase
Phase of mitosis where 2 chromosomes repel each other
Anaphase
Period following prodromal, state of acute radiation
Latent
Small, rod shaped bodies containing genes
Chromosomes
Cells that lack adequate amounts of oxygen
Hypoxic
White blood cells
Leukocytes
Genetic Cell division reducing chromosomes
Meiosis
Reproducing cells
Germ cells
Cell growth that occurs prior to cell division
Interphase
Red blood cells
Erythrocytes
Leukocyte which fights bacteria
Granulocyte
Protoplasm which exists outside cell nucleus
Cytoplasm
Basic units of heredity
Genes
Annual occupational EfD limit
50 msv (5rem)
A permanent protective barrier for the radiographer that is located in an x-ray room housing stationary (fixed) radiographic equipment.
Control booth barrier
Monthly allowance EqD to the embryo-fetus from occupational exposure of a pregnant technologist.
0.5 mSv (0.05 rem)
Principle that holds that occupation exposure of the radiographer and other occupationally exposed persons should be kept as low as reasonably achievable
ALARA concept
Required to protect both the radiographer and the patient from off-focus or leakage, radiation by restricting the emission of x-rays to the area of the useful beam.
Diagnostic-type protective tube housing
The radiation that results from the interaction between primary radiation and the atoms of the irradiated object and the off-focus or leakage radiation that penetrates the x-ray tube protective housing, This radiation consists of scattered radiation and leakage radiation.
Secondary radiation.
Specified in units of mAs per week or mA-min per week
Workload (W)
Should be positioned between the fluoroscopist and the patient to intercept scattered radiation above the tabletop during a fluoroscopic exam.
Spot film device protective curtain
A radiation workers whole body lifetime EfD must be limited to the persons age in year multiplied by 10mSv (years x 1 rem)
CumEfD limit
Used to modify the shielding requirement for a particular barrier by taking into account the fraction of the workweek that the space beyond the area is occupied
occupancy factor (T)
Automatically covers the Bucky slow opening in the side of the x-ray table during a standard fluoroscopic examination when the Bucky tray is positioned at the foot end of the table
Bucky slot shielding device
The EqD to the reproductive organs that, if received by every human being, would be expected to cause an identical gross genetic injury to the total population as does the sum of the actual doses received by exposed individual population members
GSD
The intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source
Inver square law
Beam direction factor
Use factor (U)
All the radiation that arises from interactions of an x-ray beam with the atoms of an object in the path of the beam
Scatter radiation
Glasses with optically clear lenses that contain a minimal lead equivalent protection of .35mm
Protective eyeglasses
Protects against leakage and scatter radiation
Secondary protective barrier
Mode of operation in which the exposure rate may significantly exceed the rate used in routine fluoro
High-level-control
special garments that conventionally are made of lead-impregnated vinyl and are worn during fluoro and certain radiographic procedures
Protective apparel
Permits the Rad and assisting radiographer to remain outside the fluoroscopic room at a control console behind a protective barrier until needed
Remote control fluoro system
Prevents direct, or unscattered, radiation from reaching personnel on the other side
Primary protective barrier
A portable device for producing real-time images of a patient. This device holds an x-ray tube at one end and a image intensifier at the other end
C-arm Fluoroscope
Annual EqD limit to localized areas of the skin and hand
500 mSv (50rem)
Possibility of developing a radiogenic cancer or the induction of a genetic defect as a consequence of radiation exposure
Occupational risk
Xrays emitted through the x-ray tube window or port
useful (primary) beam
The glass envelope encasing the x-ray tube, the insulating oil surrounding the tube and the glass window in the tube housing
inherent filtration
Thickness of a designated absorber required to reduce the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value
HVL
Alternative to using a radiographic gridto reduce scattered radiation during certain exams
air gap technique
projects down from the x-ray tube housing to prevent the collimater from moving closer than 15cm to the patient.
space bars
sheets of aluminum of appropriate thickness localized outside the glass window of the x-ray tube housing above the collimator shutters
added filtration (2.5ml Al)
Devices used during diagnostic x-ray procedures to protect the reproductive organs from exposure to the useful beam while they are in or within approx. 5 cm of a properly collimated beam
gonadal shielding
All the radiation that arises from the interactions of an x-ray beam with the atoms of an object in the path of the beam
scattered radiation
Feature of a radiographic collimator that automatically adjusts the collimator so that the radiation field size matches the film size
PBL- Positive beam limitation
Process in which invisible or latent image generated in conventional radiography is produced in a digital format using computer technology, the digital image can be displayed on a monitor for viewing or printed on a laser film when hard copy is needed
Computed radiography (CR)
Cup-shaped radiopaque device that encloses the scrotum and penis to protect the male reproductive organs from exposure to ionizing radiation
shaped contact shield
An operation mode of fluoroscopic equipment in which exposure rates are significantly higher than normally allowed for routine fluoroscopic procedures. This allows visualization of smaller and lower contrast objects than normally are visible during fluoro
high-level-control fluoroscopy
Front material in a cassette that can result in a lower radiation dose for the patient because a lower radiographic technique is used to produce the recorded image.
carbon fiber
Radiation exposure received by the male and female reproductive organs
gonadal dose
an interaction that produces a satisfying result through an exchange of info
effective communication
faint bloches in the radiographic image produced by an intrinsic fluctuation in the incident photon intensity
quantum mottle
standardization of film processing techniques including monitoring maintenance of all processes in a facility.
quality control program
x-rays emitted from parts of the tube other than the focal spot
off-focus radiation
allows the fluoroscopist to see the most recent image without exposing the patient to another pulse of radiation
last image hold
quantity of radiation incident upon an object; backscatter is excluded
ESE- entrance skin exposure
the distance from the anode focal spot to the radiographic image receptor
source to image receptor distance (SID)
The equivalent dose to the reproductive organs that if received by every human being would be expected to cause an identical gross genetic injury to the population as does the sum of the actual doses received by exposed individual population members
Genetically significant dose- GSD
Device that increases the patient dose
radiographic grid
radiation that emerges directly from the x-ray tube collimator and moves without deflection toward a wall, door, viewing window and so on.
useful beam
hangs over the area of clinical interest to cast a shadow in the primary beam over the patients reproductive organs
shadow shield
image produced by computer representation of anatomic information
digital image
Radiation produced as a consequence of nuclear weapon testing and chemical explosions in nuclear power plants
fallout
electric and magnetic fields that fluctuate rapidly as they travel through space, including radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and x-rays
electromagnetic wave
traditional unit of measure for the EqD
rem
method for comparing the amount of radiation received from a radiologic procedure with natural background radiation received over a given period
BERT- background equivalent radiation time
effective measures used by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation
radiation protection
Quantity that attempts to take into account the variation in biologic harm that is produced by different types of radiation
EqD
An unstable nucleus that emits one of more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability
radionuclide
genetic or somatic changes in a living organism caused by excessive cellular damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
organic damage
The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in a patient
Diagnostic efficacy
Dose that takes into account the dose for all types of ionizing radiation to human organs or tissues and the overall harm of those biologic components for the development of a radiation-induced cancer
EfD
Biologic effects to ionizing radiation or other agents on generations yet unborn
genetic effects
Natural sources of ionizing radiation that become increase because of accidental or deliberate human actions
enhanced natural sources
damage to living tissue of animals and human beings exposed to radiation
biologic effects
positively charged components of an atom
protons
Si unit of meaure for the EqD
Sv
Injury on the cellular level caused by sufficient exposure to ionizing radiation at the molecular level
cellular damage
long lived radioactive elements present in variable amounts in the earth’s curst that emit densely ionizing radiations
terrestrial radiation
energy in transit from one location to another
radiation
high speed electrons ejected from a nucleus that undergoes beta decay
beta particle
produces positively and negatively charged particles when passing through matter
ionizing radiation
consists of two protons and two neutrons
alpha particle
the complete range of frequencies and energies of electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic spectrum
Rays from the sun and beyond the solar system
cosmic rays
The number of protons contained within the nucleus of an atom
atomic number
Biologic damage that occurs as a result of ionization of atoms on master, or key, molecules
direct action
average energy deposited per unit length of track
LET - Linear energy transfer
Chemical unions created between atoms by the single sharing of one or more pairs of electrons
covalent cross-links
Used to calculate the equivalent dose to determine the ability of a dose of any kind of ionizing radiation to cause biologic damage
radiation weighting factor (Wr)
Loss or change of a nitrogenous base in the DNA chain
mutation
Method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation
cell survival curve
Effects produced by reactive free radicals, which are created by the interaction of radiation with a water molecule
indirect action
Ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic response of cells or organisms in an oxygen-deprived environment to the dose required to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions
OER- oxygen enhanced ratio
Programmed cell death
apoptosis
Lesions that result when irradiation occurs early in interphase, before DNA synthesis takes place
chromosome abberations
The cell dies if inactivation of the master molecule occurs as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation
Target theory
Describe the relative capabilities of radiation with differing LETs to produce a particular biologic reaction
RBE- Relative biological effectiveness
Lesions that result when irradiation of individual chromatids occurs later in interphase, after DNA synthesis takes place
Chromatid aberrations
The radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree of differentiation.
Bergonie-Tribondeau Law
A solitary atom or most often a combination of atoms that behaves as an extremely reactive single entity as a result of the presence of an unpaired electron
free radical
exposing a cell to as little as 0.01Gy (1 rad) of ionizing radiation just before it begins dividing can result in failure of the cell to start dividing in time
mitotic delay
The breaking of one or both of the sugar phosphate chains of DNA molecule, which can be caused by exposure of the molecule to ionizing radiation
chromosome breakage
An organic neutral free radical
R*
Injury on the molecular level resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation
molecular damage
A hydroperoxyl radical
HO*2
Female and male reproductive cells
Germ cells
Branch of biology concerned with the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems
Radiation biology
OH* +OH* = H2O2 a substance that is poisonous to the cell
hydrogen peroxide
Genetic mutation in which the chromosome is not broken but the DNA within is damaged
Point mutation
A hydrogen radical and a hydroxyl radical
H* and OH*
A method of dose assessment in which biologic markers or effects of radiation exposure are measured and the dose to the organism is inferred from previously established dose-effect relationships
biologic dosimetry
stochastic somatic effects
probabilistic effects
Whole body dose of ionizing radiation that can be lethal to 50% of the exposed population within 30 days
LD 50/30
Gas that decays with half life of 3.8 days by way of alpha particle emission
Radon
Implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is directly proportional to the dose
linear nonthreshold dose response curve
Predicts that the number of excess cancers will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases in a population with advancing age
relative risk model
Hematopoietic form of ARS
Bone marrow syndrome
A 3-year research project that began in 1996 in the republic of Belarus in the aftermath of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
ETHOS Project
Estimates the risk associated with low level radiation
linear quadratic, nonthreshold dose response curve
Radioactive contrast agent used from the 1925 to 1945 that cause liver and spleen cancer in many patients after a latent period of 15 to 20 years.
Thorotrast
Loss of hair
epilation
Reported in 1995 that nearly 700 cases of thyroid cancer among children and adolescents were linked to the Chernobyl accident
World Health Organization
Form of ARS that results when the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system receive ionizing radiation doses of 50 Gy (5000rads) or more
cerebrovascular syndrome
Nonstochastic somatic effects
deterministic effects
Radiation sickness that occurs in human beings after whole body reception of large doses of ionizing radiation (1 Gy (100rads or more) delivered over a short time
ARS
Predicts that a specific number of excess cancers will occur as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation
absolute risk model
The radiation dose that causes the number of spontaneous mutations occurring in a given generation to increase to 2 times their original number
doubling dose
a collection of symptoms
syndrome
The first stage of ARS, which occurs within hours after a whole body absorbed dose of 1 Gy (100rads) or more. It is characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and leukopenia
Prodrom stage
Form of ARS that appears at a threshold dose of approximately 6 Gy (600rads)
Gastrointestinal syndrome
The stage of ARS in which symptoms become visible
manifest illness
Damage to an organism that occurs as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation during the embryonic stage of development
embryologic effects (birth defects)
The period after the initial stage of ARS during which no visible effects or symptoms of radiation exposure occur
Latent period
The production or origin of cancer
carcinogenesis
A solitary atom or most often a combination of atoms that behaves as an extremely reactive single entity because it has an unpaired electron
free radical
Agents that increase the frequency of occurrence of mutation
Mutagens
Initiates blood clotting and prevents hemorrhages
Thrombocytes
Large, complex macromolecules made up of nucleotidesis
Nucleic acids
Cell division where a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells
Mitosis
Immature of precursor cells
Stem cells
Type of leukocyte which helps fight infection
Neutrophil
Female germ cell
Oogonium
Functioning as the powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
Chemical compound from acid and base reduction
Electrolytes
Building material of all living cells
Protoplasm
White blood stem cells
Myoblasts
Circular or oval discs found in blood
platelets
First stage of acute radiation sickness
prodromal
Male gern cell
Spermatogonium
Phase of mitosis where second new daughter cells are formed
Telophase
