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Radbio Review > Radbio Review of Terms > Flashcards

Radbio Review of Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Stores energy in body for long period of time

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Equilibrium or maintaining normal functions

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

Phase of cell division where mitotic spindle is complete

A

Metaphase

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4
Q

Phase of mitosis where 2 chromosomes repel each other

A

Anaphase

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5
Q

Period following prodromal, state of acute radiation

A

Latent

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6
Q

Small, rod shaped bodies containing genes

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

Cells that lack adequate amounts of oxygen

A

Hypoxic

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8
Q

White blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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9
Q

Genetic Cell division reducing chromosomes

A

Meiosis

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10
Q

Reproducing cells

A

Germ cells

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11
Q

Cell growth that occurs prior to cell division

A

Interphase

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12
Q

Red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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13
Q

Leukocyte which fights bacteria

A

Granulocyte

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14
Q

Protoplasm which exists outside cell nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

Basic units of heredity

A

Genes

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16
Q

Annual occupational EfD limit

A

50 msv (5rem)

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17
Q

A permanent protective barrier for the radiographer that is located in an x-ray room housing stationary (fixed) radiographic equipment.

A

Control booth barrier

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18
Q

Monthly allowance EqD to the embryo-fetus from occupational exposure of a pregnant technologist.

A

0.5 mSv (0.05 rem)

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19
Q

Principle that holds that occupation exposure of the radiographer and other occupationally exposed persons should be kept as low as reasonably achievable

A

ALARA concept

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20
Q

Required to protect both the radiographer and the patient from off-focus or leakage, radiation by restricting the emission of x-rays to the area of the useful beam.

A

Diagnostic-type protective tube housing

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21
Q

The radiation that results from the interaction between primary radiation and the atoms of the irradiated object and the off-focus or leakage radiation that penetrates the x-ray tube protective housing, This radiation consists of scattered radiation and leakage radiation.

A

Secondary radiation.

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22
Q

Specified in units of mAs per week or mA-min per week

A

Workload (W)

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23
Q

Should be positioned between the fluoroscopist and the patient to intercept scattered radiation above the tabletop during a fluoroscopic exam.

A

Spot film device protective curtain

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24
Q

A radiation workers whole body lifetime EfD must be limited to the persons age in year multiplied by 10mSv (years x 1 rem)

A

CumEfD limit

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25
Q

Used to modify the shielding requirement for a particular barrier by taking into account the fraction of the workweek that the space beyond the area is occupied

A

occupancy factor (T)

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26
Q

Automatically covers the Bucky slow opening in the side of the x-ray table during a standard fluoroscopic examination when the Bucky tray is positioned at the foot end of the table

A

Bucky slot shielding device

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27
Q

The EqD to the reproductive organs that, if received by every human being, would be expected to cause an identical gross genetic injury to the total population as does the sum of the actual doses received by exposed individual population members

A

GSD

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28
Q

The intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source

A

Inver square law

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29
Q

Beam direction factor

A

Use factor (U)

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30
Q

All the radiation that arises from interactions of an x-ray beam with the atoms of an object in the path of the beam

A

Scatter radiation

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31
Q

Glasses with optically clear lenses that contain a minimal lead equivalent protection of .35mm

A

Protective eyeglasses

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32
Q

Protects against leakage and scatter radiation

A

Secondary protective barrier

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33
Q

Mode of operation in which the exposure rate may significantly exceed the rate used in routine fluoro

A

High-level-control

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34
Q

special garments that conventionally are made of lead-impregnated vinyl and are worn during fluoro and certain radiographic procedures

A

Protective apparel

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35
Q

Permits the Rad and assisting radiographer to remain outside the fluoroscopic room at a control console behind a protective barrier until needed

A

Remote control fluoro system

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36
Q

Prevents direct, or unscattered, radiation from reaching personnel on the other side

A

Primary protective barrier

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37
Q

A portable device for producing real-time images of a patient. This device holds an x-ray tube at one end and a image intensifier at the other end

A

C-arm Fluoroscope

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38
Q

Annual EqD limit to localized areas of the skin and hand

A

500 mSv (50rem)

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39
Q

Possibility of developing a radiogenic cancer or the induction of a genetic defect as a consequence of radiation exposure

A

Occupational risk

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40
Q

Xrays emitted through the x-ray tube window or port

A

useful (primary) beam

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41
Q

The glass envelope encasing the x-ray tube, the insulating oil surrounding the tube and the glass window in the tube housing

A

inherent filtration

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42
Q

Thickness of a designated absorber required to reduce the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value

A

HVL

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43
Q

Alternative to using a radiographic gridto reduce scattered radiation during certain exams

A

air gap technique

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44
Q

projects down from the x-ray tube housing to prevent the collimater from moving closer than 15cm to the patient.

A

space bars

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45
Q

sheets of aluminum of appropriate thickness localized outside the glass window of the x-ray tube housing above the collimator shutters

A

added filtration (2.5ml Al)

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46
Q

Devices used during diagnostic x-ray procedures to protect the reproductive organs from exposure to the useful beam while they are in or within approx. 5 cm of a properly collimated beam

A

gonadal shielding

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47
Q

All the radiation that arises from the interactions of an x-ray beam with the atoms of an object in the path of the beam

A

scattered radiation

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48
Q

Feature of a radiographic collimator that automatically adjusts the collimator so that the radiation field size matches the film size

A

PBL- Positive beam limitation

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49
Q

Process in which invisible or latent image generated in conventional radiography is produced in a digital format using computer technology, the digital image can be displayed on a monitor for viewing or printed on a laser film when hard copy is needed

A

Computed radiography (CR)

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50
Q

Cup-shaped radiopaque device that encloses the scrotum and penis to protect the male reproductive organs from exposure to ionizing radiation

A

shaped contact shield

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51
Q

An operation mode of fluoroscopic equipment in which exposure rates are significantly higher than normally allowed for routine fluoroscopic procedures. This allows visualization of smaller and lower contrast objects than normally are visible during fluoro

A

high-level-control fluoroscopy

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52
Q

Front material in a cassette that can result in a lower radiation dose for the patient because a lower radiographic technique is used to produce the recorded image.

A

carbon fiber

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53
Q

Radiation exposure received by the male and female reproductive organs

A

gonadal dose

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54
Q

an interaction that produces a satisfying result through an exchange of info

A

effective communication

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55
Q

faint bloches in the radiographic image produced by an intrinsic fluctuation in the incident photon intensity

A

quantum mottle

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56
Q

standardization of film processing techniques including monitoring maintenance of all processes in a facility.

A

quality control program

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57
Q

x-rays emitted from parts of the tube other than the focal spot

A

off-focus radiation

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58
Q

allows the fluoroscopist to see the most recent image without exposing the patient to another pulse of radiation

A

last image hold

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59
Q

quantity of radiation incident upon an object; backscatter is excluded

A

ESE- entrance skin exposure

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60
Q

the distance from the anode focal spot to the radiographic image receptor

A

source to image receptor distance (SID)

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61
Q

The equivalent dose to the reproductive organs that if received by every human being would be expected to cause an identical gross genetic injury to the population as does the sum of the actual doses received by exposed individual population members

A

Genetically significant dose- GSD

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62
Q

Device that increases the patient dose

A

radiographic grid

63
Q

radiation that emerges directly from the x-ray tube collimator and moves without deflection toward a wall, door, viewing window and so on.

A

useful beam

64
Q

hangs over the area of clinical interest to cast a shadow in the primary beam over the patients reproductive organs

A

shadow shield

65
Q

image produced by computer representation of anatomic information

A

digital image

66
Q

Radiation produced as a consequence of nuclear weapon testing and chemical explosions in nuclear power plants

A

fallout

67
Q

electric and magnetic fields that fluctuate rapidly as they travel through space, including radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and x-rays

A

electromagnetic wave

68
Q

traditional unit of measure for the EqD

A

rem

69
Q

method for comparing the amount of radiation received from a radiologic procedure with natural background radiation received over a given period

A

BERT- background equivalent radiation time

70
Q

effective measures used by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation

A

radiation protection

71
Q

Quantity that attempts to take into account the variation in biologic harm that is produced by different types of radiation

A

EqD

72
Q

An unstable nucleus that emits one of more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability

A

radionuclide

73
Q

genetic or somatic changes in a living organism caused by excessive cellular damage from exposure to ionizing radiation

A

organic damage

74
Q

The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in a patient

A

Diagnostic efficacy

75
Q

Dose that takes into account the dose for all types of ionizing radiation to human organs or tissues and the overall harm of those biologic components for the development of a radiation-induced cancer

A

EfD

76
Q

Biologic effects to ionizing radiation or other agents on generations yet unborn

A

genetic effects

77
Q

Natural sources of ionizing radiation that become increase because of accidental or deliberate human actions

A

enhanced natural sources

78
Q

damage to living tissue of animals and human beings exposed to radiation

A

biologic effects

79
Q

positively charged components of an atom

A

protons

80
Q

Si unit of meaure for the EqD

A

Sv

81
Q

Injury on the cellular level caused by sufficient exposure to ionizing radiation at the molecular level

A

cellular damage

82
Q

long lived radioactive elements present in variable amounts in the earth’s curst that emit densely ionizing radiations

A

terrestrial radiation

83
Q

energy in transit from one location to another

A

radiation

84
Q

high speed electrons ejected from a nucleus that undergoes beta decay

A

beta particle

85
Q

produces positively and negatively charged particles when passing through matter

A

ionizing radiation

86
Q

consists of two protons and two neutrons

A

alpha particle

87
Q

the complete range of frequencies and energies of electromagnetic radiation

A

electromagnetic spectrum

88
Q

Rays from the sun and beyond the solar system

A

cosmic rays

89
Q

The number of protons contained within the nucleus of an atom

A

atomic number

90
Q

Biologic damage that occurs as a result of ionization of atoms on master, or key, molecules

A

direct action

91
Q

average energy deposited per unit length of track

A

LET - Linear energy transfer

92
Q

Chemical unions created between atoms by the single sharing of one or more pairs of electrons

A

covalent cross-links

93
Q

Used to calculate the equivalent dose to determine the ability of a dose of any kind of ionizing radiation to cause biologic damage

A

radiation weighting factor (Wr)

94
Q

Loss or change of a nitrogenous base in the DNA chain

A

mutation

95
Q

Method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation

A

cell survival curve

96
Q

Effects produced by reactive free radicals, which are created by the interaction of radiation with a water molecule

A

indirect action

97
Q

Ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic response of cells or organisms in an oxygen-deprived environment to the dose required to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions

A

OER- oxygen enhanced ratio

98
Q

Programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

99
Q

Lesions that result when irradiation occurs early in interphase, before DNA synthesis takes place

A

chromosome abberations

100
Q

The cell dies if inactivation of the master molecule occurs as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation

A

Target theory

101
Q

Describe the relative capabilities of radiation with differing LETs to produce a particular biologic reaction

A

RBE- Relative biological effectiveness

102
Q

Lesions that result when irradiation of individual chromatids occurs later in interphase, after DNA synthesis takes place

A

Chromatid aberrations

103
Q

The radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree of differentiation.

A

Bergonie-Tribondeau Law

104
Q

A solitary atom or most often a combination of atoms that behaves as an extremely reactive single entity as a result of the presence of an unpaired electron

A

free radical

105
Q

exposing a cell to as little as 0.01Gy (1 rad) of ionizing radiation just before it begins dividing can result in failure of the cell to start dividing in time

A

mitotic delay

106
Q

The breaking of one or both of the sugar phosphate chains of DNA molecule, which can be caused by exposure of the molecule to ionizing radiation

A

chromosome breakage

107
Q

An organic neutral free radical

A

R*

108
Q

Injury on the molecular level resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation

A

molecular damage

109
Q

A hydroperoxyl radical

A

HO*2

110
Q

Female and male reproductive cells

A

Germ cells

111
Q

Branch of biology concerned with the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems

A

Radiation biology

112
Q

OH* +OH* = H2O2 a substance that is poisonous to the cell

A

hydrogen peroxide

113
Q

Genetic mutation in which the chromosome is not broken but the DNA within is damaged

A

Point mutation

114
Q

A hydrogen radical and a hydroxyl radical

A

H* and OH*

115
Q

A method of dose assessment in which biologic markers or effects of radiation exposure are measured and the dose to the organism is inferred from previously established dose-effect relationships

A

biologic dosimetry

116
Q

stochastic somatic effects

A

probabilistic effects

117
Q

Whole body dose of ionizing radiation that can be lethal to 50% of the exposed population within 30 days

A

LD 50/30

118
Q

Gas that decays with half life of 3.8 days by way of alpha particle emission

A

Radon

119
Q

Implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is directly proportional to the dose

A

linear nonthreshold dose response curve

120
Q

Predicts that the number of excess cancers will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases in a population with advancing age

A

relative risk model

121
Q

Hematopoietic form of ARS

A

Bone marrow syndrome

122
Q

A 3-year research project that began in 1996 in the republic of Belarus in the aftermath of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant

A

ETHOS Project

123
Q

Estimates the risk associated with low level radiation

A

linear quadratic, nonthreshold dose response curve

124
Q

Radioactive contrast agent used from the 1925 to 1945 that cause liver and spleen cancer in many patients after a latent period of 15 to 20 years.

A

Thorotrast

125
Q

Loss of hair

A

epilation

126
Q

Reported in 1995 that nearly 700 cases of thyroid cancer among children and adolescents were linked to the Chernobyl accident

A

World Health Organization

127
Q

Form of ARS that results when the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system receive ionizing radiation doses of 50 Gy (5000rads) or more

A

cerebrovascular syndrome

128
Q

Nonstochastic somatic effects

A

deterministic effects

129
Q

Radiation sickness that occurs in human beings after whole body reception of large doses of ionizing radiation (1 Gy (100rads or more) delivered over a short time

A

ARS

130
Q

Predicts that a specific number of excess cancers will occur as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation

A

absolute risk model

131
Q

The radiation dose that causes the number of spontaneous mutations occurring in a given generation to increase to 2 times their original number

A

doubling dose

132
Q

a collection of symptoms

A

syndrome

133
Q

The first stage of ARS, which occurs within hours after a whole body absorbed dose of 1 Gy (100rads) or more. It is characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and leukopenia

A

Prodrom stage

134
Q

Form of ARS that appears at a threshold dose of approximately 6 Gy (600rads)

A

Gastrointestinal syndrome

135
Q

The stage of ARS in which symptoms become visible

A

manifest illness

136
Q

Damage to an organism that occurs as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation during the embryonic stage of development

A

embryologic effects (birth defects)

137
Q

The period after the initial stage of ARS during which no visible effects or symptoms of radiation exposure occur

A

Latent period

138
Q

The production or origin of cancer

A

carcinogenesis

139
Q

A solitary atom or most often a combination of atoms that behaves as an extremely reactive single entity because it has an unpaired electron

A

free radical

140
Q

Agents that increase the frequency of occurrence of mutation

A

Mutagens

141
Q

Initiates blood clotting and prevents hemorrhages

A

Thrombocytes

142
Q

Large, complex macromolecules made up of nucleotidesis

A

Nucleic acids

143
Q

Cell division where a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells

A

Mitosis

144
Q

Immature of precursor cells

A

Stem cells

145
Q

Type of leukocyte which helps fight infection

A

Neutrophil

146
Q

Female germ cell

A

Oogonium

147
Q

Functioning as the powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

148
Q

Chemical compound from acid and base reduction

A

Electrolytes

149
Q

Building material of all living cells

A

Protoplasm

150
Q

White blood stem cells

A

Myoblasts

151
Q

Circular or oval discs found in blood

A

platelets

152
Q

First stage of acute radiation sickness

A

prodromal

153
Q

Male gern cell

A

Spermatogonium

154
Q

Phase of mitosis where second new daughter cells are formed

A

Telophase

Radbio Review (2 decks)

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