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Instruments & Aids > Radar Systems & Transponders > Flashcards

Radar Systems & Transponders Flashcards

1
Q

What phrase does the word Radar come from?

A

Radio detection and range

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2
Q

What is radar?

A

An object detection system that uses radio waves to determine range and velocity.

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3
Q

What are the two main elements of a radar system?

A
  1. Transmitter
  2. Receiving Antenna
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4
Q

How does primary radar work?

A

Electromagnetic energy is transmitted as a pulse. The reflected pulse is received and displayed in range and azimuth.

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5
Q

What is the limitation of Primary Radar?

A

Provides limited information.

Only tells you there is something ‘x’ distance from the radar head.

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6
Q

What is radar resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between two targets on a radar display.

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7
Q

What factors determine how well a radar is able to provide separate targets?

A
  • Pulse width
  • Pulse length
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8
Q

PRT

A

Pulse Repetition Time

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9
Q

PRF

A

Pulse Repetition Frequency

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10
Q

What is the Pulse Repetition Time?

A

The time between the commencement of a pulse to the beginning of the next pulse.

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11
Q

What is the Pulse Repetition Frequency?

A

The number of pulses per second.

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12
Q

What is the Pulse Length?

A

The total length of an electromagnetic wave emission which is equal to the product of the wavelength, frequency, and time duration of emission

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13
Q

What is Range Resolution?

A

The minimum distance between targets on the same bearing, such that they are displayed as separate targets.

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14
Q

What is a factor affecting range resolution?

A

Pulse Length

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15
Q

What limits the range of a radar?

A

The Pulse Repetition Frequency

A low PRF gives a greater range.

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16
Q

Primary Radar rotations per minute?

17
Q

Secondary Surveillance Radar rotations per minute?

18
Q

Primary surveillance radar give broad coverage at ______________ with minimum ‘____________’ overhead.

A
  1. all altitudes
  2. blind space
19
Q

Limitations of Primary Radar?

A
  • Range Maximum: 30NM to 55NM
  • Cost of installation
  • Cost of running
  • Site limitations
  • Local terrain
  • Weather
  • Identification may be slower.
20
Q

Types of beam used by Primary radar?

A

Cosecant Squared

21
Q

Main use of Primary Radar by ATC?

A

To detect non-transponder control area penetrations.

22
Q

What is a radar responder?

A

Equipment that when “interrogated” by a radar pulse will transmit back additional information.

23
Q

How does an aircraft transponder ‘respond’ to radar pulses?

A

Sends back squawk code and pressure altitude

24
Q

SSR

A

Secondary Surveillance Radar

25
Q

Maximum range of SSR?

26
Q

Key elements of SSR?

A
  • Developed by the military
  • Uses transponders in aircraft
  • May include data from the aircraft including Altitude, Range, Identification code (Squawk code & Emergency code if necessary) Bearing, Ground speed
  • Requires less power
27
Q

List SSR Modes

A

►1 Military aircraft role/mission/type. IFF
►2 Military aircraft tail number. IFF
►4 Military data crypto key. IFF

►3/A Military/Civil identification. (4 x 8 bit digits = 4096 codes)

►B (Not Used).
►C Pressure altitude encoding. - minimum required to operate and receive a surveillance service.
►D (Not Used).

►S 24 bit addressable code - may include data such as Automatic Dependant Surveillance
Broadcast (ADSB) data.

28
Q

Elements of SSR Mode 3/A

A
  • 4 x 8 bit digits (0-7)
  • Gives 4096 possible codes
  • Used for Callsign/Flight Number
  • Can be a discrete code assigned by ATC
  • Squawk “couples” transponder code to flight plan code when aircraft is detected.
29
Q

SSR non-discrete codes

A
  • 0100 Aircraft ops at ADs (or as instructed by ATC)
  • 1200 VFR in E or G airspace
  • 2000 Civil IFR in G airspace
  • 2100 Ground testing
  • 3000 Civil flights in A, C or D airspace, IFR in E
  • 4000 Civil flights (Non SAR) in G > 15NM offshore
  • 5000 Military Flights in A, C, D or E airspace
  • 6000 Military Flights in G airspace
  • 7615 Civil surveillance
30
Q

SSR emergency codes

A
  • 7400 RPAS lost link
  • 7500 Unlawful interference
  • 7600 Radio failure
  • 7700 Emergency
31
Q

SPI

A

Special Purpose Identification

32
Q

What is Special Purpose Identification?

A

A separate pulse activated by the ‘Ident’ button

  • The effect is to highlight the ATC SSR symbol
  • The SPI is only activated on controller request
33
Q

WAM

A

Wide Area Multilateration

34
Q

Elements of WAM?

A
  • Uses multiple SSR receivers to triangulate an aircraft’s position
  • Can ‘fill-in’ areas shadowed from a main SSR antenna
  • Performance equals that of conventional SSR
  • Passive or active system
35
Q

How is radar data relayed?

A
  • Microwave links
  • UHF links
  • Fibre-optic cable
  • Landlines
36
Q

What kind of backup power does primary radar use and why?

A

Diesel generators.

Due to the high power requirements of Primary radar, un-interruptible power supplies are not feasible.

Instruments & Aids (7 decks)

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