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rad tech 1 test 2 > rad tech midterm 2 cards > Flashcards

rad tech midterm 2 cards Flashcards

1
Q

how many screen in one cassette?

A

2

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2
Q

how many emulsion layers are in one cassette?

A

2, 1 on each side of the polyester

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3
Q

Over 99% of the x-ray image is formed by

A

screen light

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4
Q

Luminescence

A

The emission of light from a substance bombarded by radiation

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5
Q

Fluorescence

A

process of glowing only while being excited (during irradiation) and will cease glowing at completion of the X-??ray exposure

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6
Q

Phosphorescence

A

afterglow

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7
Q

radioparent

A

not have a habit of absorbing X-??rays

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8
Q

Reflective layer of screens is made of

A

titanium dioxide

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9
Q

are rare earth phosphors and are about 4X more efficient than the old Calcium Tungstate technology

A

Gadolinium, lanthanum, yttrium

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10
Q

Adjusting mAs for changing screen speed is done by

A

Speed1/ speed 2 X mAs1 = mAs2

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11
Q

Screens should be cleaned

A

monthly unless busier practice

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12
Q

Focal areas of exposed film in the shape of a

A

bolt of lightening

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13
Q

Mammography film is an example of

A

?single emulsion film?

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14
Q

The emulsion on film is

A

Silver halide microcrystals

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15
Q

latent image

A

The pattern of exposed and unexposed crystals on a film; -this is BEFORE development in the processor

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16
Q

The following can cause exposure of film:

A

X-??Rays Heat Certain chemicals or chemical fumes Pressure Age

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17
Q

Latitude

A

used to describe the range of densities that can be recorded on the film

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18
Q

Wide latitude film is best when

A

you desire low contrast radiographs (i.e. chest radiograph)

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19
Q

film Contrast & Latitude are?

A

inversely related

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20
Q

go over character curves

A

seriously do it

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21
Q

Contrast Index

A

is the difference in radiographic density between the Speed Index reading and the optical density reading (using the densitometer) that is two steps darker on the sensitometric strip

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22
Q

Gross Fog Index

A

is (film) Base plus Fog. It is the inherent optical density of a film when it has not been exposed at all.

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23
Q

Usual value for Gross Fog Index =

A

0.15-??0.20

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24
Q

Faster films have a higher

A

Gross Fog Index

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25
Q

Safe Lights inside dark rooms need to be:

A

Covered by filter that only allows light of a spectral emission that is not within the sensitive range of the film you?re using

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26
Q

Film should not be exposed to ?safe light? more than

A

3 min-

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27
Q

Developer Activator

A

Sodium carbonate-?? Softens gelatin protective cover on film

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28
Q

Developer Reducing Agents

A

Hydroquinone Reduces EXPOSED silver halide to black metallic silver

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29
Q

Developer Preservative

A

Sodium sulfite

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30
Q

Developer Restrainer

A

Potassium bromide; Acetic acid

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31
Q

Fixer Clearing Agent

A

Ammonium thiosulfate Dissolves undeveloped silver halide

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32
Q

Fixer Tanning Agent

A

Potassium alum

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33
Q

Fixer Activator

A

Acetic Acid Neutralizes the developer, stopping the development process & Maintains acid pH

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34
Q

Under-replenishment of Automatic Developer systems causes

A

Loss of contrast (grey appearing) & Loss of film density

35
Q

Every 1?2 months:

A

Complete chemical change and tank cleaning; Check replenisher rates

36
Q

Dark room causes of apparently lowered contrast on a film

A

Safe light fog, Room temperature/humidity too high, Chemical fog from processor too hot, Chemical fog from chemicals too concentrated, Film past expiration date

37
Q

3 interactions of X?rays with matter:

A

Coherent Scattering, Compton Effect, Photoelectric Effect

38
Q

Things that affect scatter production:

A

Tissue volume, Increased kVp, Increased mAs

39
Q

the greater the tissue volume:

A

the greater the interactions= increased scatter

40
Q

how does an increase of kVp increase scatter radiation?

A

increase energy increases the number and energy of scattered photons (each photon can cause multiple scattered photons of various types when the incident photon has sufficient energy)

41
Q

how does an increase of mAs increase scatter radiation?

A

increased numbers of photons = increase in scattered photons

42
Q

Scatter control or reduction on the film

A

Grid device, Air Gap technique, Minimize exposure field size, Decrease kVp

43
Q

what is the Air Gap technique?

A

increase OID results in diminished scatter intensity at film (must increase SID to compensate for magnification distortion

44
Q

Grid ratio?

A

height of lead strips/ width of interspacing material; 10:1 or 12:1 is best for spinal radiography

45
Q

what are focused grids?

A

lead strips are aligned to the direction of the diverging primary x-??ray beam

46
Q

what is the Grid radius?

A

the specific SID focused grid is aligned to

47
Q

what is the Grid focal range?

A

range of source-image distances at which the grid will work acceptably- in other words the range of distances it will not absorb significant amounts of remnant radiation (primary beam after it has gone through the patient)

48
Q

Cross?hatch grid?

A

lamination of 2 grids with lead strips perpendicular to each other

49
Q

Stationary grids should have at least this many lines per inch?

A

103 lines per inch

50
Q

Grid cut?off:

A

Undesirable attenuation of the primary x-??ray beam by the grid

51
Q

when is a grid advisable?

A

when the body part exceeds 12 cm

52
Q

Roentgen (R)=

A

Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg)

53
Q

rad=

A

Gray (Gy): 1 Rad = .01 Gy; 1 Gy = 100 rad

54
Q

rem=

A

Seivert (Sv): 1 rem = .01 Sv; 1 Sv = 100 rem (this is the one that uses the quality factor to multiply times the # Gy)

55
Q

Curie=

A

Becquerel

56
Q

Roentgen is the measurement of?

A

ionization of dry air by an X-ray beam

57
Q

rad =

A

radiation absorbed dose-Measures dose to a specific tissue

58
Q

rem =

A

radiation equivalent in man. X-??rays have a quality factor of 1.

59
Q

Entrance skin exposure (ESE) doses are highest in

A

spinal radiography as compared to other plain film studies.

60
Q

95% of cell damage is repaired within

A

3 days if it is going to repair at all

61
Q

in The Laws of Bergonie and Tribondeau-Cell sensitivity depends on:

A

age, differentiation, mitotic rate, metabolic rate

62
Q

how does cell age change the sensitivity?

A

the younger= more sensitive

63
Q

how does cell differentiation change the sensitivity?

A

simple= more sens

64
Q

how does cell mitotic rate change the sensitivity?

A

more rapidly dividing= more sens

65
Q

how does cell metabolic rate change the sensitivity?

A

cells that use energy rapidly are more sens

66
Q

what is Somatic effects of radiation

A

Affecting the irradiated individual

67
Q

Stochastic

A

Probabilistic, random, Probability of experiencing the effect is proportional to the exposure volume, but the severity of the effect is not really affected

68
Q

are stochastic effects somatic or genetic?

A

BOTH

69
Q

Nonstochastic:

A

Deterministic, predictable, Severity of the effect is proportional to the exposure volume. There is a threshold beneath which effects generally aren?t seen

70
Q

are nonstochastic effects somatic or genetic?

A

Only somatic

71
Q

what is LD 50/30 =

A

death to 50 percent of an exposed population within 30 days

72
Q

Human mortality (LD 50/30) =

A

~ 300 rad whole body dose

73
Q

what is Hormesis?

A

Hypothesis that radiation can be good for you in small doses

74
Q

what does ALARA stand for?

A

as low as reasonably achievable

75
Q

Highest fetal doses are due to

A

lumbar and pelvic radiography

76
Q

The 10 day rule is:

A

Direct pelvic radiation to fertile females should be done only during the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle

77
Q

is the 10 day still valid?

A

It is not valid any longer? pregnancy can occur during any part of the cycle

78
Q

Personnel radiation exposure monitoring is only legally required when?

A

a radiation monitoring expert deems it possible that an individual would receive as much as 25% of the maximum permissible dose

79
Q

Effective Dose Equivalent (EDE) limit

A

Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD)

80
Q

EDE Adult non-??pregnant workers:

A

5 rem / yr. (limited to 1.25 rem per calendar quarter)

81
Q

EDE Pregnant workers:

A

0.5 rem / 9 mos.

82
Q

EDE Workers under age 18:

A

.5 rem / yr.

83
Q

When should occupationally exposed persons hold patients or films during exposures?

A

NEVER

84
Q

who owns the radiographs?

A

the facility/ practitioner

rad tech 1 test 2 (1 decks)

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