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Rad Quality - Exam 2 > Rad Quality - Exam 2 > Flashcards

Rad Quality - Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The more dense the tissue, the _______ it appears on the radiographic image

A

lighter

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2
Q

_________ of body parts affects density

A

thickness

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3
Q

The risk of _______ from radiologic exams accumulates over a lifetime

A

cancer

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4
Q

Each exposure from each exam contributes to the ______________ exposure of the patient

A

lifetime radiation

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5
Q

Radiographic Positioning is:

A

the placement of the body between the x-ray tube and the film

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6
Q

How many views are necessary to view all of the anatomy

A

two

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7
Q

What is a “series”?

A

the minimum number of x-ray views for a complete exam (for insurance)

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8
Q

What does CR mean?

What does IR mean?

A 
CR = x-ray tube
IR = film or image receptor
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9
Q

Place the body part as close to the ______ as possible.

A

IR

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10
Q
  1. The ______ is centered to the middle of the body part.
  2. The long axis of the body part is parallel to the long axis of the ____.
  3. The _____ is directed perpendicular to the body part.
A
  1. CR
  2. IR
  3. CR
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11
Q

Standard SID = _____ inches

A

40

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12
Q

What views are exceptions to the standard 40 inch SID and need to be changed to 72 inches to minimize magnification distortion?

A

all lateral and oblique cervical views
lateral chest view
PA chest view
AP full-spine view

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13
Q
  1. Mastoid tip
  2. Thyroid cartilage
  3. Vertebral prominens
  4. Sternal notch
  5. Sternal angle
  6. Xyphoid tip
  7. Iliac crest
  8. ASIS
  9. Greater trochanter
  10. Ischial Tuberosities
A
  1. Mastoid tip C1
  2. Thyroid cartilage C4
  3. Vertebral prominens C7
  4. Sternal notch T2
  5. Sternal angle T4
  6. Xyphoid tip T10
  7. Iliac crest L4/5
  8. ASIS S2
  9. Greater trochanter - P.S./coccyx tip
  10. Ischial Tuberosities - bottom of pelvis
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14
Q

What does collimation do?

A
  1. limits amount of radiation to patient

2. controls unwanted scatter

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15
Q

If using conventional film, always place ID blocker _____ from anatomy of interest.

A

away

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16
Q

Patient orientation blocker for digital film:

  1. For cervical, thoracic, lumbar it goes ______.
  2. For extremities it goes ______ except for hand and wrist it goes _____ toward the elbow.
A
  1. up

2. down, up

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17
Q

PUC is done on _______ film.

  1. lateral - _____
  2. PUC APOM - _____
  3. Nasium - ______
  4. Base posterior - _______
A

conventional

  1. up
  2. down
  3. down
  4. down
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18
Q

What are the effects of respiration?

A
  1. controls voluntary motion

2. reduces motion artifacts, fuzziness, blurriness

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19
Q

Inhale: diaphragm moves _____, shoulders move _____

Exhale: diaphragm moves ____, shoulders move ______

_____ inspiration inflates lungs to demonstrate most anatomy for chest x-ray

A

Inhale: diaphragm moves down, shoulders move up

Exhale: diaphragm moves up, shoulders move down

Deep inspiration

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20
Q

Flat aluminum filter:

  1. placed between ______ and _____
  2. placed over _____ portion of intended anatomy
  3. protects patient from some _______
  4. produces consistent ________ throughout anatomy
A
  1. x-ray beam and patient
  2. thinnest
  3. exposure
  4. radiographic density
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21
Q

What is the 10-day rule?

A

The safest time to x-ray women of childbearing age is within the 10-day period after the onset of menstruation.

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22
Q

Radiographic images are owned by the _____________, not the _________.

A
  • facility where they were created

- NOT the patient

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23
Q

What are the nine steps to prepare to take a CERVICAL x-ray?

A
  1. patient prep
  2. measurements
  3. shielding
  4. SID
  5. select and place film in bucky
  6. collimation
  7. patient placement
  8. central ray
  9. anatomical marker
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24
Q

How to set up a lateral cervical x-ray view:

A
  • 72 inches SID
  • 8x10 film vertical; ID blocker up
  • line from the bottom of the front teeth to the mastoid parallel to floor
  • vertical central ray through mastoid
  • horizontal central ray level with thyroid cartilage (C4) top of light field just above the ear
  • collimate to soft tissue
  • mark side closest to film under the chin
  • “exhale and stop breathing”
25
Q

How to set up an AP open mouth x-ray view:

A
  • 40 inches SID
  • 8x10 film vertical; ID blocker up
  • line from the bottom of the front teeth to the mastoid parallel to floor
  • central ray to center of mouth
  • collimate vertically to below lens of eyes and horizontally to mastoids
  • “don’t breathe, don’t move”
26
Q

How to set up an AP cervical x-ray view:

A

-40 inches SID
8x10 film vertical; ID blocker up
-line from the bottom of the front teeth to the mastoid parallel to floor
-central ray entering thyroid cartilage (C4)
-collimate 10 inches x skin
-“don’t breathe, don’t move”

27
Q

What three views are in the cervical NON-TRAUMA series?

A
  1. lateral cervical
  2. AP open mouth
  3. AP cervical
28
Q

What five views are in the cervical TRAUMA series?

A
  1. lateral cervical
  2. AP open mouth
  3. AP cervical
  4. obliques
  5. flexion and extension laterals
29
Q

How to set up an anterior cervical oblique x-ray view:

A
  • 72 inches SID
  • 8x10 film; ID blocker up
  • line from the bottom of the front teeth to the mastoid parallel to floor
  • rotate patient 45 degrees from PA position
  • 15 degree caudal tube tilt entering mid cervical region (C4)
  • collimate to 8x10
  • RAO: right IVF’s ; LAO: left IVF’s
  • “don’t breathe, don’t move”
30
Q

How to set up a cervical flexion lateral x-ray view:

A
  • 72 inches SID
  • 10x12 film vertical
  • tuck chin and flex to patient’s tolerance
  • central ray through mid cervicals
  • include VP in collimation field
  • “don’t breathe, don’t move”
31
Q

How to set up a cervical extention lateral x-ray view:

A
  • 72 inches SID
  • 10x12 film vertical
  • elevate chin and extend to patient’s tolerance
  • central ray through mid cervicals
  • “don’t breathe, don’t move”
32
Q

Flexion and extension views are performed to demonstrate both __________ and __________.

A
  • ligament instability

- range of motion

33
Q

How to measure and place patient for a swimmer’s view:

A
  • measure under arms (axilla to axilla)
  • dependent arm (closest to film) is raised
  • center to T1, then center film to central ray
34
Q

How to set up for a swimmer’s x-ray view:

A
  • 40 inches SID
  • 8x10 film vertical
  • patient seated (reduces motion)
  • patient lateral with arm closest to bucky in full extension
  • central ray entering T1
  • “don’t breathe, don’t move”

raised arm acts as a natural filter for the cervical spine

35
Q

How to set up for a posterior cervical oblique view:

A
  • 72 inches SID
  • 8x10 film vertical
  • rotate patient 45 degrees from AP position
  • 15 degree cephalic tilt entering mid cervical
  • RPO: left IVF’s ; LPO: right IVF’s
  • “don’t breathe, don’t move”
36
Q

What are the two accessory cervical views?

A
  1. posterior obliques

2. Fuch’s view (non-traumatic view done to visualize the dens)

37
Q

central ray = center of ________

center of film to _______ level

A

anatomy

central ray

38
Q

Give the two reasons why anterior oblique views are preferred.

A
  1. radiation protection

2. shooting into concavity

39
Q

What are the five types of set-ups at 72 inches?

A
  1. all lateral cervicals
  2. all cervical obliques
  3. PA chest
  4. lateral chest
  5. AP full spine
40
Q

What does SID stand for?

A

source-to-image distance

41
Q

What five things must be done before taking a radiographic examination of a patient?

A
  1. de-artifact patient
  2. obtain informed consent
  3. gown the patient
  4. shield the patient
  5. practice the 10-day rule

“DIGS-10”

42
Q

What often causes difficulties with APOM x-rays to cause them to be non-diagnostic?

A

dental hardware

43
Q

What landmark must you be able to see on the patient when looking at an APOM x-ray?

A

dens

44
Q

What are the eight causes of atlantodental instability?

A
  1. fractured dens
  2. traumatic disruption of ligaments
  3. inflammatory arthritis
  4. downs
  5. marfans
  6. NF 1 (neurofibromatosis type 1)
  7. osteogenesis imperfecta
  8. infection
45
Q

What is quantum mottle?

A

the image is underexposed causing it to appear grainy on the x-ray

46
Q

Standing views must be performed recumbent (lying down) if worried about a ___________.

A

fracture

47
Q

Always shoot ______ the concavity if the spine is curved.

A

into

48
Q

When using film, technique is set for the ________ area of the body part. Filters are placed over the ________ portion of the anatomy.

A

thickest, thinnest

49
Q

Filters help to maintain consistent ________ on the final radiographic image.

A

density

50
Q

Are filters used with digital imaging?

A

No because the computer evens out the image.

51
Q

When taking a THORACIC x-ray, how does the order of the set-up process differ from cervical views?

A

Set film height to patient, then central ray to center of film

52
Q

What is the set-up flow for THORACIC views? (11 steps)

A
  1. patient prep
  2. measure for all set-ups in series (AP: calipers over shoulder, Lat: calipers from behind patient)
  3. patient standing, apply apron
  4. SID at 40 inches
  5. select 14x17 cassette and put in bucky
  6. set collimation 7x17 AP / 10x17 Lat
  7. position patient at bucky
  8. align cassette 1.5 inches above patient’s VP
  9. marker
  10. filter
  11. breathing instructions
53
Q

How do you set up for an AP Thoracic view?

A
  • measure over shoulder, spine to lower 1/3 of sternum
  • 14x17 cassette vertical, ID blocker up
  • collimate to 7x17
  • top of cassette 1.5 inches above VP
  • central ray to mid-film (T6)
  • top of light field above sternal notch (T2)
  • filter upper vertebrae down to cross hairs of central ray
  • marker
  • “breathe in and hold”
54
Q

How do you set up for a Lateral Thoracic view?

A
  • arms in prayer, measure right to left, axilla to axilla
  • 14x17 cassette vertical; top 1.5 inches above VP
  • collimate to 10x17
  • center central ray to center of film
  • raise arms parallel to floor, elbows together
  • vertical central ray 1 inch posterior to humeral head, some light behind thoracic spine when collimated
  • filter lower vertebrae (up to under the humeral head, will go past cross hairs of central ray)
  • marker
  • “inhale and hold”
55
Q

Breathing instructions = __________

Breathing technique = ____________

A

Breathing instructions = what you tell the patient to do

Breathing technique = patient breathes during exposure to blur ribs, need minimum 2 seconds exposure, compensate by decreasing MA

56
Q

What are the 5 image criteria for a lateral thoracic view?

A
  1. include T1-T12
  2. IVF’s and disk spaces open
  3. pedicles in profile
  4. posterior border of bodies and ribs superimposed
  5. uniform density
57
Q

What are the 2 image criteria for an AP thoracic view?

A
  1. distance from pedicles to spinous processes are equal on both sides
  2. uniform density from top to bottom of thoracics
58
Q

Why is it beneficial to do the thoracic spine standing if possible?

A

weight-bearing evens out region

Rad Quality - Exam 2 (1 decks)

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