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Rad Positioning- Extremities > Rad Positioning Extremities Final Exam > Flashcards

Rad Positioning Extremities Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

For the AP projection of the forearm or elbow, the proximal radius and ulna are partially obscured by overlap unless the radiograph is taken with the…

A

hand supinated

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2
Q

A patient complains of pain in the proximal femur. What exam(s) should be performed?

A

Femur series, ID blocker by femur head plus a Hip series

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3
Q

What are the routine views for a hip series?

A

AP and Frog leg

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4
Q

What technical factors will give the shortest scale of contrast?

A

200mA, 1/4 sec, 72 kVp

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5
Q

What criteria is true for shoulder series?

A

10x12film placed transversely, 2” above the shoulder, 40” FFD, CR centered to film

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6
Q

The central ray for the AP knee is…

A

a 5 degrees cephalic tube tilt entering 1/2” below the apex of the patella

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7
Q

To evaluate an inspiratory P-A chest projection the ____ should be visible above the diaphragm?

A

seven anterior ribs

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8
Q

The external oblique elbow demonstrates what specific anatomy?

A

radial head

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9
Q

In which view is the greater tuberosity of the humerus seen in profile?

A

AP external rotation projection

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10
Q

What criteria is the standard procedure for the PA hand position?

A

10x12 split transversely, C.R. at 3rd MCP

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11
Q

What criteria applies to the standard procedures for unilateral A-P hip projection?

A

film size 10x12, 40” SID, leg is inverted 15 degrees

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12
Q

The posteroanterior (PA) projection of the wrist in ulnar flexion demonstrates what carpal bone?

A

scaphoid

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13
Q

When the elbow is radiographed in a lateral projection, what do you see with anatomy?

A
  • elbow is flexed to 90 degrees
  • the radius and ulna are NOT superimposed (near the elbow)
  • the wrist and hand are placed in the lateral position
  • the humerus is placed as close to the table as possible
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14
Q

To double the density of the film you must use which mAs rule?

A

50% rule

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15
Q

The AP shoulder (internal rotation) best demonstrates a true _____ position of the humeral head?

A

lateral

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16
Q

On a homblad, what anatomy can you see?

A

tibial spines, femoral condyles and an intercondyloid fossa

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17
Q

The patient’s leg is fully extended, and internally rotated until the intermalleolar line is parallel to the film. What view is this?

A

Oblique ankle (aka mortise projection)

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18
Q

When doing a lower leg series on a patient who presents with pain 3 inches distal to the knee joint, what do you do for a lateral view?

A

7x17 collimation, 40” FFD, and have the ID blocker by the ankle

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19
Q

In taking a lateral projection of the radius and ulna, which portion of the hand is touching the film?

A

medial

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20
Q

What are the routine views of the calcaneous?

A

Tangential (axial) and lateral

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21
Q

What are the routine views of the wrist?

A

PA, lateral and oblique

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22
Q

Which view is done for localization of foreign bodies of the hand?

A

lateral hand

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23
Q

What is seen with an AP elbow view?

A
  • central ray is through the antecubital fossa
  • hand is supinated
  • elbow is at the same plane as the shoulder
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24
Q

What are the routine series of the foot?

A

AP, lateral and oblique

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25
Q

The routine knee consists of how many views?

A

3

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26
Q

What is the collimation for a lateral chest view?

A

14x17

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27
Q

In taking an AP projection of the radius and ulna, the hand is placed in what way?

A

supination

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28
Q

What are the routine views for a hand series?

A

PA and PA oblique

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29
Q

The AP femur position requires rotation of what magnitude and degree?

A

5 degrees internal

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30
Q

What criteria do you need to do in setting up a P-A clavicle position?

A

collimation on part size, 40” FFD, NO TUBE TILT

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31
Q

In a tangential calcaneous, what is the tube tilt?

A

40 degrees cephalic

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32
Q

What is the tube tilt for the homblad view?

A

0 degrees

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33
Q

What is the tube tilt for a lateral knee?

A

5 degrees cephalic

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34
Q

What anatomy is seen on an int. oblique elbow?

A

coronoid process (external shows the radial head)

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35
Q

What anatomy is seen on an oblique ankle?

A

mortise

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36
Q

What anatomy is seen on an ulnar flexion view?

A

scaphoid

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37
Q

What is the rule of 3 for SID/FFD?

A

an increase in distance results in a decrease in density

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38
Q

When going from 40” to 72” SID, what is the rule of 3 for this?

A

need to multiply mAs by 3

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39
Q

When going from 72” to 40” SID, what is the rule to 3 for this?

A

need to divide mAs by 3

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40
Q

An increase in kVp results in an increase in _____

A

density (because when increasing kVp, more scatter is produced which shows up on a radiograph as shades of gray and each shade of gray)

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41
Q

What is the kVp 15% rule or rule of 10?

A

increase kVp by 10 increases film density, decrease kVp by 10 decreases film density

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42
Q

With ____ speed screens, crystals are smaller thus requiring more mAs to make them fluoresce

A

200

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43
Q

With ____ speed screens, the crystals are larger so not as much mAs is needed to make them fluoresce

A

400

44
Q

Grids are used for what?

A

to clean up scatter

45
Q

What too much developer or too much time in the developer, what happens to the density?

A

it is increased

46
Q

What is filtration used for?

A

to even out radiographic density

47
Q

What is contrast primarily controlled by?

A

kVp

48
Q

What is density controlled by?

A

mAs

49
Q

What is the 50% mAs reciprocal rule?

A

double mAs to make film darker, cut mAs in half to make film lighter

50
Q

Increased density?

A

too dark

51
Q

Decreased density?

A

too light

52
Q

Long scale to short scale?

A

decease kVp and increased mAs

53
Q

Short scale to long scale?

A

increase kVp and decrease mAs

54
Q

When there is the wrong tube tilt or no tube tilt when there is supposed to be, what happens to the film?

A

there is a loss in detail

55
Q

For a chest view and increase in ____ is required to adequately demonstrate subtle lung markings

A

kVp (should only see the first 4 thoracic because of this)

56
Q

Why are the chest views performed at 72” SID?

A

to reduce magnification of the heart

57
Q

Which way does the ID blocker go for PA and lateral chest views?

A

ID blocker up

58
Q

How many ribs should be seen in an PA chest film?

A

7 anterior ribs and 10 posterior ribs

59
Q

Abdomen series have the ID blocker facing which way?

A

UP

60
Q

In an abdomen series, which sex can you use a gonadal shield for?

A

Males, but only IF it doesn’t interfere with the abdominal anatomy

61
Q

What if you have a wide chest for a PA chest view?

A

turn the film transverse with the top of the film being at the top of the shoulders

62
Q

What are the breathing instructions for a PA and Lateral chest?

A

deep inspiration and hold

63
Q

What side is touching the bucky on the lateral chest?

A

left lateral side

64
Q

What do you want to see on a Recumbent AP abdomen?

A

must include the bladder

FLAT PLATE; KUB- kidney, ureter and bladder

65
Q

What do you want to see on an Upright AP abdomen?

A

must include the [top of the] diaphragm

66
Q

What are the breathing instructions for the recumbent and upright abdomen?

A

Exhale and hold

upright expose on expiration

67
Q

When do you use a decubitus view?

A

if you suspect fluid or air is in the lungs

68
Q

When do you use an apical lordotic view?

A

if anything is suspected in the apices (it projects the clavicles above the apices)

69
Q

Which upper extremity views have the film transverse?

A 
Clavicle
Int/Ext shoulder
Elbow
Wrist
Hand
70
Q

Which upper extremity views have the film lengthwise/longitudinal?

A

Humerus
Forearm
Scapula “y”

71
Q

What anatomy is visualized for the internal shoulder?

A

lesser tubercle

72
Q

What anatomy is visualized for the external shoulder?

A

greater tubercle

73
Q

What can be seen with a scapula “y” view?

A

shoulder impingement syndrome

74
Q

What anatomy is visualized with the internal elbow view?

A

coronoid process

75
Q

What anatomy is visualized with the external elbow view?

A

radial head

76
Q

What are the breathing instructions for all upper extremity and lower extremity views?

A

don’t breathe don’t move

77
Q

With the AP shoulder with internal rotation, how is the arm positioned?

A

arm is internally rotated to place the epicondyles PERPENDICULAR to the film

78
Q

With the AP shoulder with external rotation, how is the arm positioned?

A

arm is externally rotated until the epicondyles are PARALLEL to the film

79
Q

What is the position of the scapula for the PA’ “y” view?

A

scapula is in the lateral position PERPENDICULAR to the bucky

80
Q

What is the tube tilt for the “y” view?

A

10-15 degrees caudal

81
Q

What is the tube tilt for the AP axial clavicle view?

A

15 degrees cephalic

82
Q

What is the tube tilt for the AC joint?

A

5 degrees cephalic

83
Q

What is the tube tilt for the PA wrist with ulnar flexion?

A

20 degrees cephalic (up the arm)

84
Q

What is the collimation of the PA wrist with ulnar flexion?

A

3x3

85
Q

How is the hand positioned for the PA hand?

A

pronated (CR to 3rd knuckle)

86
Q

For the PA oblique hand, how far is the hand supinated from the PA position?

A

45 degrees from the PA position

87
Q

For the wrist series, how should the whole arm be positioned?

A

the patient must have their forearm and hand in the same plane

88
Q

For a forearm series, what two structures must be in the same plane?

A

humerus and forearm

89
Q

For the AP internal oblique elbow, how must the hand be positioned?

A

PRONATED

90
Q

For the AP external oblique elbow, how must the hand be positioned?

A

SUPINATED

91
Q

For a senior patient what needs to be potentially decreased?

A

exposure time (and kVp)
Patient mobility can be the biggest challenge
may need mobilization devices to help with tough positions

92
Q

What should be a caution when working with pediatrics?

A

minimize exposure/radiation protection is most important (control the motion)

93
Q

For a routine Femur series, what anatomy MUST be included?

A

KNEE

94
Q

What is the True AP position for the lower extremities?

A

knee is extended, foot is dorsiflexed and femur is internally rotated 5 degrees (2nd toe pointed up)

95
Q

What are the views that utilize the True AP position?

A

Femur, Knee, Leg, and Ankle Views

96
Q

What is the importance of Internally rotated the legs 15 degrees for an AP pelvis?

A

Prevents femoral neck foreshortening (or elongates the femoral neck) and it places the greater trochanter in profile

97
Q

What is the tube tilt for the AP and Lateral knee views?

A

5 degrees cephalic

98
Q

What is the tube tilt for the Ap and Internal Oblique foot?

A

10 degrees cephalic

99
Q

In the routine leg views, what joint should be included?

A

joints closest to injury

100
Q

Why is the holmblad knee view done?

A

to see the intercondylar fossa and tibial spines

101
Q

In a holmblad view, what degree do you need between the knee and the CR?

A

20 degree angle

102
Q

What is another name for the Internal oblique ankle view?

A

MORTISE (because all three ankle articulations are included)

103
Q

With an AP internal oblique the intermalleolar plane should be _______ with the film

A

parallel

104
Q

True/False: the Plantar surface of foot should be on top of the cassette and the knee extended

A

FALSE: Plantar surface SHOULD be on top, but the knee should be FLEXED

105
Q

For the AP foot, where should the ID blocker be?

A

away from the toes by the heel

Rad Positioning- Extremities (2 decks)

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