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BDS Radiology > RAD L2 - How to take radiographs > Flashcards

RAD L2 - How to take radiographs Flashcards

1
Q

what is a radiograph

A

record of image produced by transmission of x-rays through an object

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2
Q

what is radiology

A

interpretation of radiographic image

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3
Q

what do you need to produce a radiographic image

A 
patient
x ray machine
image receptors
film holder
operator
processing facility
reading facility
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4
Q

what are the main 2 types of radiograph

A

single plane

multi-planar

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of single plane radiographs

A

intra + extra oral

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6
Q

what are 3 types of intra oral single plane radiographs

A

peri-apical
bitewing
occlusal

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7
Q

what are 3 types of extra oral single plane radiographs

A

panoramic tomogram
lateral Ceph.
lateral oblique

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8
Q

what is 1 example of multiplanar radiograph

A

CBCT - cone beam computed tomography

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9
Q

how would you ideally take a radiograph

A
  1. tooth + sensor close as possible
  2. long axis of tooth + sensor/film should be parallel
  3. x ray beam positioned so meets tooth + sensor at 90°
  4. position should be reproducible
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10
Q

what problems can occur when taking a radiograph

A
  • teeth lie within bone - impossible to accurately determine root direction
  • multi-rooted teeth
  • anatomical structure (palate) prevent direct contact without bending receptor
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11
Q

when is periapical radiographs done and how should they be taken

A

shows entire tooth + surrounding structures

should demonstrate 2-3mm bone all around apex of tooth

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12
Q

what are 2 methods of take periapical radiograph

A

parallelling technique

bisecting angle technique

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13
Q

why is paralleling technique preferred over bisecting angle tech when taking periapical radiographs

A

accurate + reproducible
reduction of radiation dose
use positioning aids

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14
Q

describe the paralleling technique for periapical radiographs

A
  • sensor placed into beam aiming device
  • positioned so sensor parallel to long axis of tooth
  • x ray tube angled perpendicular to sensor
  • reproducible image made

Parallel X-ray beam meeting both tooth and image receptor at right angles (perpendicular) both vertically & horizontally w/ tooth & image receptor parallel to e/o

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15
Q

describe the bisecting angle technique for periapical radiographs

A
  • place sensor close to tooth as possible without bending it
  • angle formed between long axis of tooth + long axis of sensor is estimated
  • x ray tube positioned at 90° + central beam aimed at tooth apex
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16
Q

what indications would you see that would tell you to take a periapcial radiograph

A
  • apical infection/inflammation
  • periodontal status
  • trauma to teeth + associated alveolar bone
  • presence + position of un erupted teeth
  • assess root morphology prior extraction
  • endodontic
  • evaluation of apical cysts + lesions within alveolar bone
  • eval implants post operation
  • pre + post operative of apical surgery
17
Q

what is occlusal radiography

A

radiographs where image receptor is placed in occlusal plane

18
Q

what are 2 types of occlusal radiography

A

maxillary

mandibular

19
Q

what are 2 types of maxillary occlusal radiography

A

upper standard occlusal

upper oblique occlusal

20
Q

what indications would you see that would tell you to take a occlusal radiograph

A
  • periapical assessment of teeth
  • detect presence of pathology
  • parallax for unerupted teeth
  • fractures of teeth/alveolar bone
  • assess of roots displaced
21
Q

why is it important to give a patient a thyroid collar when doing upper standard/oblique occlusal radiograph

A

to protect thyroid - sensitive

22
Q

what are the 3 types of mandibular occlusal radiographs

A

lower 90° occlusal (true occlusal)
lower 45° occlusal
lower oblique occlusal

23
Q

what indications are there to know when to use a mandibular occlusal radiograph

A
  • Presence of radiopaque calculi in
    submandibular salivary ducts
  • Buccolingual position on teeth/pathology
  • Expansion caused by tumours/cysts
  • Assess mandible width prior to implant placement
24
Q

would you use a thyroid collar for lower occlusal radiograph

A

no

it obstruct + affect the image

25
Q

what is 1 type of extraoral radiography

A

panoramic

26
Q

what are some disadvantages of using extra oral panoramic radiography

A
  • Image Quality
  • Operator dependant/ patient dependent
  • Ghost images and superimposition
  • ↑ Dose needed
  • Magnification
27
Q

what are some indication that would prompt you to take a extra oral panoramic radiograph

A
  • 3rd molar assessment prior to extraction
  • Orthodontics
  • Mandibular fractures
  • TMJ problems (changes in
    occlusion/trauma/change in range of motion)
  • Multiple extractions
  • Bony lesions/unerupted tooth which cannot be fully visualised on intraoral images
  • In the case of a grossly neglected mouth
28
Q

explain the extra oral panoramic tomography ( how radiograph is taken)

A
  • The patient stands still whilst the tube head and sensor move around the patients head
  • movement creates blurring of all structures that do not lie within the “focal
    trough” or “focal plane”
  • Anything within plane is of acceptable
  • Anything outside will appear blurred
  • Positioning patient within focal trough critical = producing a panoramic
    radiograph that is diagnostic
29
Q

what is the focal trough - used in extra oral panoramic radiographs, + typically what shape is it and why

A
  • 3d area within which structures are reasonably well defined on the final image.
  • In panoramic machine, the focal trough is designed to be horseshoe shaped to correspond to
    the shape of the dental arches.
30
Q

how to position patient head within focal trough in extra oral panoramic radiograph

A
  • Machine consists of patient-positional aids i.e.. chin rest, forehead rest, lateral head supports,
    bite block.
  • Laser lights to help align patient correctly
  • Mid sagittal plane should be vertical
  • Frankfort plane (infraorbital rim to top of ear
    canal) horizontal and parallel to the ground
  • Front incisors biting in the groove of bite block
  • Machine adjusted to size of patient – using
    callipers or “canine light”
31
Q

what is a cephalometric x ray and when is it used

A

diagnostic radiograph used primarily for orthodontic treatment planning.

  • image shows the relationship between teeth, jaw + profile, helpful for orthodontic
    planning + realignment treatment
32
Q

what are some indication that would prompt you to take a cephalometric radiograph

A

(Orthodontic/Orthognathic)

  • Skeletal/soft tissue abnormalities
  • Treatment planning
  • Monitoring progress
  • Assess results of treatment
33
Q

what is the technique to use when taking a cephalometric radiograph

A
  • Patient positioned in cephalostat with mid
    sagittal plane vertical and Frankfort plane
    horizontal
  • teeth should be in occlusion
  • Head immobilised with ear rods in EAM
  • Ruler dropped to nasal bridge

BDS Radiology (3 decks)

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