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Rad 102-2 > rad film > Flashcards

rad film Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 basic components of radiographic film?

A

Base, emulsion, and supercoat

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2
Q

In the emulsion part of the film, what are the 2 components?

A

gelatin and photosensitive agents

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3
Q

Gelatin must be clear for light photon to travels through, it acts as neutral ____ suspension medium for the _____ _____ _____

A

lucent, silver halide crystals.

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4
Q

this part of emulsion serves as non-reactive medium through which chemicals can diffuse to reach the silver halide crystals

A

Gelatin

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5
Q

what is inside a photosensitive agent layer?

A

silver bromide, silver iodide,and silver chloride all three makes up the silver halide crystals

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6
Q

the _______ is a layer of hard, protective gelatin designed to prevent the soft emulsion underneath from being damaged physically or chemically.

A

supercoat

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7
Q

what is the duplication film designed to do?

A

provide an exact image of an original film

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8
Q

mammography film is _____ _____ film that is designed to be exposed with single radiographic _____ _____

A

single-emulsion, intensifying screen

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9
Q

what temperature should the film be stored at?

A

68 degrees F or lower in cool, dry place

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10
Q

what happens when it is exposed to heat?

A

it can cause fogging

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11
Q

what level of humidity should it be kept at?

A

30-60 %

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12
Q

_____ ______ artifacts are a danger at low humidity, while high humidity causes ______ build up

A

static discharge, condensation.

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13
Q

what does intensifying screen do?

A

amplify incoming x-ray and reduce patient radiation dose

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14
Q

Intensifying screens also have several layers, what are they?

A

base, reflective layer, phosphor layer, and protective coating

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15
Q

what does the BASE layer of intensifying screen do?

A

serves as mechanical support for the active layer.

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16
Q

what is the fxn of protective coating?

A

helps take away the buildup of static electricity and is resistant to abrasions caused by handling.

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of luminescence

A

fluorescence and phosphorescence

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18
Q

what is fluorescence, bad/good?

A

this is good, it is when visible light is emitted only when the phosphor is stimulated.

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19
Q

what is phosphorescence, good/bad?

A

bad! phosphor continues to emit light after stimulation.

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20
Q

how does image noise appear on radiopraphy?

A

speckled background

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21
Q

how do you reduce noise?

A

increase mAs, more photons

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22
Q

what causes quantum mottle?

A

not enough photons. appear grainy on the film

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23
Q

how should the film be stored?

A

away from radiation

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24
Q

what does the white spot of the screen represent?

A

an artifact that blocks the transmission of light between the screen and film or prohibits ionizing radiation.

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25
Q

how often should intensifying screens be cleaned?

A

regularly

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26
Q

what is a device used to improve contrast by absorbing scatter before it reaches the IR?

A

Grid

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27
Q

What are the two types of material used in grid construction?

A

aluminum and plastic fiber

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28
Q

This grid requires higher mAs when used, b/c it attenuates primary photons. Resulting in high pt dose. Also produces the least grid lines

A

Aluminum

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29
Q

when is plastic fiber grid preferred?

A

when using low kVp technique.

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30
Q

this term describes the ratio of the height of the lead strips to the distance between strips.

A

Grid Ratio

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31
Q

What is thenumber of grid lines per inch or centimeter?

A

Grid Frequency

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32
Q

grids with lead strip running in only one direction are called _____

A

linear grids

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33
Q

placing two linear grids on top of one another so the grid lines are running at right angles are called

A

crisscross/cross-hatched grid

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34
Q

How are parallel grids made?

A

with lead and strips running parallel to one another

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35
Q

how is focused grid different from parallel?

A

almost the same, but as the strip move away from the central axis, they become more inclined

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36
Q

what is a latent image?

A

invisible image

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37
Q

Latent image is induced in the silver halide crystal, what is in the silver halide crystal?

A

Silver, bromine, and iodine atoms.

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38
Q

what forms a sensitivity speck in the silver halide crystals? what do they serve as?

A

gold-silver sulfide, serves as electrodes

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39
Q

when the x ray is totally absorbed, it is ____ and when it is not, it is _____

A

photoelectric, compton

40
Q

after migrating to the center, the _____ _____ are neutralized by the ______ and are converted into metallic _____

A

silver ions, electrons, silver

41
Q

what are the 4 steps to process image?

A

developing, fixing, washing, and drying

42
Q

cassette based system is known as

A

computed radiography

43
Q

cassette-less based system that is hard-wired to computer net work is known as

A

digital radiography

44
Q

both systems use ______ to analyze and manipulate the image

A

computers

45
Q

cassette based system uses ________ (PSP, IP) inside a cassette

A

photostimulable storage phosphor imaging plate

46
Q

what are the two stages of mechanical features of CR reader?

A

slow scan and fast scan

47
Q

what happens in slow scan?

A

the machine removes IP from the cassette, then it moves IP constantly, slowly through the CR reader.

48
Q

what happens in fast scan?

A

a laser beam scans back and forth across the IP

49
Q

what are the 6 optical features of CR reader?

A

The laser, beam-shaping optics, light-collecting optics, optical filters, photomultiplier tube, analog to digital converter

50
Q

what happens during beam-shaping optics of the CR reader optical feature?

A

keeps the laser beam at a constant size, shape, speed and intensity.

51
Q

what is ADC and what does it do?

A

Analog digital converter, coverts analog signal to digital signal. Divides analog image into squares and it assigns each square in the matrix a number based on the brightness of the square

52
Q

What is PSL?

A

photostimulable luminescence, happens when light is produced by phosphor after struck by light/xray photons

53
Q

?how many steps of PSL are there?

A

4

54
Q

the second step of PSL states that

A

it requires beam of infared light with beam diameter of 50 - 100 nm to be directed at photostimulable plate.

55
Q

what is third step of PSL?

A

laser causes the electrons to return to the ground state with emission of blue light. This is when latent image is made visible

56
Q

Final step of PSL?

A

erasing the plate by flooding with fluorescent light.

57
Q

Why is Digital Radiography more efficient?

A

it saves time, space, and personnel

58
Q

In the DR system, the receptor sends an electronic signal directly to digital image processor, T/F?

A

true

59
Q

what are the difference types of flat panel devices that have been developed?

A

Direct conversion and Indirect-conversion

60
Q

Indirect conversion is a 2 step process, what are they?

A

convert x ray into light energy then converting light energy into electronic signal

61
Q

indirection conversion uses phosphor material that contains silicon, what is it that direct conversion uses that allows it to not require phosphor material?

A

It utilizes Amorphous Selenium

62
Q

Why is amorphous selenium used in Direct Conversion?

A

has higher atomic number = more interactions

63
Q

Indirect conversion uses two part process, what are they?

A

scintillator (x ray photon to light) then photodetector

64
Q

what is a histogram?

A

representative of exposure values collected from IP

65
Q

what is image noise?

A

random background information that does not carry useful information

66
Q

When there is high signal to noise image, what does it mean?

A

little noise in the image

67
Q

what does window level control?

A

image density

68
Q

What does window width control?

A

image contrast

69
Q

spatial resolution is amount of ____ present in any _____

A

detail, image

70
Q

what is it called, when you average out the pixels frequency with surrounding pixel values? and what does it result in?

A

Smoothing, results in reduction of noise and contrast

71
Q

kVp range that is optimum for CR

A

60kVp - 110 kVp

72
Q

when picking your cassette, what size should you always pick to match the body part?

A

as small as possible.

73
Q

what does collimation do?

A

reduces the beam that reaches the pt

74
Q

is shuttering a replacement for collimation?

A

no, you should always strive to reduce pt dose

75
Q

What number does Fuji uses?

A

sensitive number

76
Q

what does large Fuji sensitive number indicate?

A

low exposure

77
Q

properly exposed images should have around ____ to ____

A

150-250 s number

78
Q

what are the post processing fxns?

A

annotation, window level and width, magnification, image flip, image stitching, shuttering, image inversion

79
Q

what does dose creep occur?

A

when pt is overexposed, but the plate continues to record the exposure and computer brings it down to a visible range

80
Q

what is DQE?

A

detective quantum efficiency

81
Q

what is the probability that n x ray will interact with an image receptor called?

A

DQE

82
Q

What is speed the amount of?

A

density (degree of blackening) a film produces for a given exposure

83
Q

what is the speed determined by?

A

the size of the silver halide crystal

84
Q

what is latitude?

A

range of exposures that will produce densities within the diagnostic range. it is thought of as margin of error in technical factors

85
Q

Grids that absorb a greater percentage of scatter than primary radiation are described as having greater degree of _____

A

selectivity.(grid selectivity)

86
Q

what are the two methods used for performing Digital Fluoroscopy?

A

Flat Panel Image Receptors and Image intensifying tube

87
Q

What does FPIR replaces?

A

Image intensifying tube and television camera. It feeds the information directly into image processor.

88
Q

In FPIR technology, it doesnt use CRT, what does it use instead?

A

LCD monitors

89
Q

what does PACS stand for? what does it do?

A

Picture Archiving and Communication system, stores images + allow access from remote locations

90
Q

PACS uses DI____, what does it stand for? what does it do?

A

DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine), system that permit wide range of digital imaging programs to understand one another.

91
Q

what is “Take” portion in PACS?

A

Image Acquisition, acquire the picture from film digitizer,

92
Q

What is “look” portion in PACS?

A

Image display. can be Hard or Soft

93
Q

what is “save” portion in PACS?

A

Image storage and retrieval.

94
Q

what is the advantages to “save”/image storage in PACS?

A

save space, time requirements, reduces misfiling, and can send it to remote locations

95
Q

what is “send” in PACS?

A

Communications Network. allows image to be transmitted to remote workstations.

96
Q

how does film digitization work?

A

uses light transmitted through film to light sensor, where a signal can be acquired.

Rad 102-2 (1 decks)

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