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rad film Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 basic components of radiographic film?

A

Base, emulsion, and supercoat

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2
Q

In the emulsion part of the film, what are the 2 components?

A

gelatin and photosensitive agents

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3
Q

Gelatin must be clear for light photon to travels through, it acts as neutral ____ suspension medium for the _____ _____ _____

A

lucent, silver halide crystals.

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4
Q

this part of emulsion serves as non-reactive medium through which chemicals can diffuse to reach the silver halide crystals

A

Gelatin

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5
Q

what is inside a photosensitive agent layer?

A

silver bromide, silver iodide,and silver chloride all three makes up the silver halide crystals

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6
Q

the _______ is a layer of hard, protective gelatin designed to prevent the soft emulsion underneath from being damaged physically or chemically.

A

supercoat

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7
Q

what is the duplication film designed to do?

A

provide an exact image of an original film

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8
Q

mammography film is _____ _____ film that is designed to be exposed with single radiographic _____ _____

A

single-emulsion, intensifying screen

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9
Q

what temperature should the film be stored at?

A

68 degrees F or lower in cool, dry place

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10
Q

what happens when it is exposed to heat?

A

it can cause fogging

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11
Q

what level of humidity should it be kept at?

A

30-60 %

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12
Q

_____ ______ artifacts are a danger at low humidity, while high humidity causes ______ build up

A

static discharge, condensation.

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13
Q

what does intensifying screen do?

A

amplify incoming x-ray and reduce patient radiation dose

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14
Q

Intensifying screens also have several layers, what are they?

A

base, reflective layer, phosphor layer, and protective coating

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15
Q

what does the BASE layer of intensifying screen do?

A

serves as mechanical support for the active layer.

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16
Q

what is the fxn of protective coating?

A

helps take away the buildup of static electricity and is resistant to abrasions caused by handling.

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of luminescence

A

fluorescence and phosphorescence

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18
Q

what is fluorescence, bad/good?

A

this is good, it is when visible light is emitted only when the phosphor is stimulated.

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19
Q

what is phosphorescence, good/bad?

A

bad! phosphor continues to emit light after stimulation.

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20
Q

how does image noise appear on radiopraphy?

A

speckled background

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21
Q

how do you reduce noise?

A

increase mAs, more photons

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22
Q

what causes quantum mottle?

A

not enough photons. appear grainy on the film

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23
Q

how should the film be stored?

A

away from radiation

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24
Q

what does the white spot of the screen represent?

A

an artifact that blocks the transmission of light between the screen and film or prohibits ionizing radiation.

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25
how often should intensifying screens be cleaned?
regularly
26
what is a device used to improve contrast by absorbing scatter before it reaches the IR?
Grid
27
What are the two types of material used in grid construction?
aluminum and plastic fiber
28
This grid requires higher mAs when used, b/c it attenuates primary photons. Resulting in high pt dose. Also produces the least grid lines
Aluminum
29
when is plastic fiber grid preferred?
when using low kVp technique.
30
this term describes the ratio of the height of the lead strips to the distance between strips.
Grid Ratio
31
What is thenumber of grid lines per inch or centimeter?
Grid Frequency
32
grids with lead strip running in only one direction are called _____
linear grids
33
placing two linear grids on top of one another so the grid lines are running at right angles are called
crisscross/cross-hatched grid
34
How are parallel grids made?
with lead and strips running parallel to one another
35
how is focused grid different from parallel?
almost the same, but as the strip move away from the central axis, they become more inclined
36
what is a latent image?
invisible image
37
Latent image is induced in the silver halide crystal, what is in the silver halide crystal?
Silver, bromine, and iodine atoms.
38
what forms a sensitivity speck in the silver halide crystals? what do they serve as?
gold-silver sulfide, serves as electrodes
39
when the x ray is totally absorbed, it is ____ and when it is not, it is _____
photoelectric, compton
40
after migrating to the center, the _____ _____ are neutralized by the ______ and are converted into metallic _____
silver ions, electrons, silver
41
what are the 4 steps to process image?
developing, fixing, washing, and drying
42
cassette based system is known as
computed radiography
43
cassette-less based system that is hard-wired to computer net work is known as
digital radiography
44
both systems use ______ to analyze and manipulate the image
computers
45
cassette based system uses ________ (PSP, IP) inside a cassette
photostimulable storage phosphor imaging plate
46
what are the two stages of mechanical features of CR reader?
slow scan and fast scan
47
what happens in slow scan?
the machine removes IP from the cassette, then it moves IP constantly, slowly through the CR reader.
48
what happens in fast scan?
a laser beam scans back and forth across the IP
49
what are the 6 optical features of CR reader?
The laser, beam-shaping optics, light-collecting optics, optical filters, photomultiplier tube, analog to digital converter
50
what happens during beam-shaping optics of the CR reader optical feature?
keeps the laser beam at a constant size, shape, speed and intensity.
51
what is ADC and what does it do?
Analog digital converter, coverts analog signal to digital signal. Divides analog image into squares and it assigns each square in the matrix a number based on the brightness of the square
52
What is PSL?
photostimulable luminescence, happens when light is produced by phosphor after struck by light/xray photons
53
?how many steps of PSL are there?
4
54
the second step of PSL states that
it requires beam of infared light with beam diameter of 50 - 100 nm to be directed at photostimulable plate.
55
what is third step of PSL?
laser causes the electrons to return to the ground state with emission of blue light. This is when latent image is made visible
56
Final step of PSL?
erasing the plate by flooding with fluorescent light.
57
Why is Digital Radiography more efficient?
it saves time, space, and personnel
58
In the DR system, the receptor sends an electronic signal directly to digital image processor, T/F?
true
59
what are the difference types of flat panel devices that have been developed?
Direct conversion and Indirect-conversion
60
Indirect conversion is a 2 step process, what are they?
convert x ray into light energy then converting light energy into electronic signal
61
indirection conversion uses phosphor material that contains silicon, what is it that direct conversion uses that allows it to not require phosphor material?
It utilizes Amorphous Selenium
62
Why is amorphous selenium used in Direct Conversion?
has higher atomic number = more interactions
63
Indirect conversion uses two part process, what are they?
scintillator (x ray photon to light) then photodetector
64
what is a histogram?
representative of exposure values collected from IP
65
what is image noise?
random background information that does not carry useful information
66
When there is high signal to noise image, what does it mean?
little noise in the image
67
what does window level control?
image density
68
What does window width control?
image contrast
69
spatial resolution is amount of ____ present in any _____
detail, image
70
what is it called, when you average out the pixels frequency with surrounding pixel values? and what does it result in?
Smoothing, results in reduction of noise and contrast
71
kVp range that is optimum for CR
60kVp - 110 kVp
72
when picking your cassette, what size should you always pick to match the body part?
as small as possible.
73
what does collimation do?
reduces the beam that reaches the pt
74
is shuttering a replacement for collimation?
no, you should always strive to reduce pt dose
75
What number does Fuji uses?
sensitive number
76
what does large Fuji sensitive number indicate?
low exposure
77
properly exposed images should have around ____ to ____
150-250 s number
78
what are the post processing fxns?
annotation, window level and width, magnification, image flip, image stitching, shuttering, image inversion
79
what does dose creep occur?
when pt is overexposed, but the plate continues to record the exposure and computer brings it down to a visible range
80
what is DQE?
detective quantum efficiency
81
what is the probability that n x ray will interact with an image receptor called?
DQE
82
What is speed the amount of?
density (degree of blackening) a film produces for a given exposure
83
what is the speed determined by?
the size of the silver halide crystal
84
what is latitude?
range of exposures that will produce densities within the diagnostic range. it is thought of as margin of error in technical factors
85
Grids that absorb a greater percentage of scatter than primary radiation are described as having greater degree of _____
selectivity.(grid selectivity)
86
what are the two methods used for performing Digital Fluoroscopy?
Flat Panel Image Receptors and Image intensifying tube
87
What does FPIR replaces?
Image intensifying tube and television camera. It feeds the information directly into image processor.
88
In FPIR technology, it doesnt use CRT, what does it use instead?
LCD monitors
89
what does PACS stand for? what does it do?
Picture Archiving and Communication system, stores images + allow access from remote locations
90
PACS uses DI____, what does it stand for? what does it do?
DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine), system that permit wide range of digital imaging programs to understand one another.
91
what is "Take" portion in PACS?
Image Acquisition, acquire the picture from film digitizer,
92
What is "look" portion in PACS?
Image display. can be Hard or Soft
93
what is "save" portion in PACS?
Image storage and retrieval.
94
what is the advantages to "save"/image storage in PACS?
save space, time requirements, reduces misfiling, and can send it to remote locations
95
what is "send" in PACS?
Communications Network. allows image to be transmitted to remote workstations.
96
how does film digitization work?
uses light transmitted through film to light sensor, where a signal can be acquired.

Rad 102-2 (1 decks)

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