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Registry Review > Rad Biology and Safety > Flashcards

Rad Biology and Safety Flashcards

1
Q

What is thermionic emission?

A

The boiling off, or liberation of electrons

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2
Q

Where does the current come from to produce thermionic emission?

A

Step-down transformer

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3
Q

What is the unit of electric potential?

A

Volt/Voltage

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4
Q

What charge is the anode?

A

positive

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5
Q

What material makes up the target surface?

A

tungsten with rhenium

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6
Q

What two components make up the cathode?

A

filament wires and focusing cup

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7
Q

What charge does the cathode carry?

A

negative

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8
Q

What material is the focusing cup?

A

molybdenum or nickel

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9
Q

What material makes up filament wires?

A

thoriated tungsten

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10
Q

Where do electrons turn into X-rays?

A

the tungsten target

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11
Q

What is the Z-value of tungsten?

A

74

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12
Q

First shell of electrons?

A

K-Shell

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13
Q

Electrons have what charge?

A

Negative

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14
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in any shell?

A

Orbital shell # used in 2(n)^2

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15
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in the valence shell?

A

8 electrons

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16
Q

What is the blinding energy of the K-shell of tungsten?

A

69.53 keV (other shells L=12, M=3, N=1)

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17
Q

What does “A” stand for?

A

atomic mass

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18
Q

What does ionization mean?

A

removal of an orbit shell electron

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19
Q

After ionization takes place, what is the charge of the atom?

A

positive

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20
Q

What interactions are formed in the tube? (production)

A

Brems and Characteristic

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21
Q

In X-Ray production, what is the interaction with the electrostatic field of the nucleus?

A

Brems

22
Q

In X-Ray production, describe the interaction where a high speed electron interacts with a tungsten target atom by ejecting an INNER shell electron, causing a cascade effect and ionizing the atom?

A

Characteristic

23
Q

Which is more common, Brems or Characteristic?

A

Brems

24
Q

Which is more common, Brems or Characteristic?

A

Brems

25
Q

How do you calculate the energy of the new electron in characteristic radiation?

A

Take the energy of the K-Shell and subtract whichever shell replaces it. Ex. K=70 L=12 M=3 N=1 70-12= 58 keV is the new energy.

Difference in the binding energies of each shell.

26
Q

What are types of particulate radiation?

A

Alpha and Beta

27
Q

What is frequency?

A

rate of rise and fall of electromagnetic photon and is measured in unit Hertz (hz)

28
Q

Every X-Ray, regardless of kV, travels at what speed?

A

3 x 10^8 meters/second (186,000 miles per second)

29
Q

Difference between X-rays and Gamma Rays?

A

Source of origin

  • X-ray from ionization
  • Gamma from nucleus decay
30
Q

Wavelength, Frequency, Energy relationships

Direct or Inversely proprotional

A

Wavelength and Frequency- Inversely proportional

^(most important and likely to show up)

Wavelength and Energy- Inversely proportional

Frequency and Energy- Directly proportional

31
Q

mAs

A
  • Controls patient dose

- Quantity

32
Q

kVp

A
  • Controls quality

- Energy of X-Ray

33
Q

The intensity shows up only under inverse square law questions, not direct

A

The intensity shows up only under inverse square law questions, not direct

34
Q

What is the formula for inverse square law?

A 
Intensity 1             (SID 2)^2
--------------     =     ----------
Intensity 2            (SID 1)^2
35
Q

What is the formula for direct square law?

A 
Intensity 1             (SID 1)^2
--------------     =     ----------
Intensity 2            (SID 2)^2
36
Q

What effects the half-value-layer (HVL)?

A

kVp and filtration

37
Q

What is the half-value-layer (HVL)?

A

amount of material necessary to reduce the intensity to 1/2 of its original value

38
Q

What are the photon interactions with matter?

A 
Compton Effect
Photoelectric Absorption
Coherent (Unmodified scatter, Classical, Thompson)
Pair Production
Photodisintegration
39
Q

What is another name of remnant radiation?

A

Exit Radiation

40
Q

What interaction with matter is called, partial absorption, contains an incident X-ray photon that interacts with an outer shell, resulting in image contrast and occupational exposure? One incoming electron and two leaving?

A

Compton Scatter (OUTER SHELL)

41
Q

What interaction with matter involves an incident X-ray photon that interacts with a K-Shell electron, involves absorption of energy, and is the primary source of patient radiation exposure?

A

Photoelectric Absorption

42
Q

What interaction with matter causes no ionization?

A

Classical/Unmodified scatter

43
Q

What energy level needs to be known for Pair Production?

A

1.022 MeV

44
Q

What energy level needs to be known for Photodisintegration?

A

> 10 MeV

45
Q

What is the technologist largest source of occupational exposure?

A

Compton Scatter

46
Q

At what angle from the patient will the technologist receive the least exposure? (during fluoro)

A

At a 90 degree angle, or as close to it as possible

47
Q

What is better for the patient, fractionation or protraction?

A

Fractionation

48
Q

What is linear energy transfer? (LET)

A

Defines the rate of energy deposited per unit track length through an absorber

49
Q

What is relative biologic effectiveness? (RBE)

A

Defines the ability of aerobic conditions to enhance the effectiveness of radiation.

50
Q

All of the following are diagnostic imaging exposure energies, except?

A

Pair Production and Photodisintegration

Registry Review (4 decks)

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