Rad 260: Safety

Question 1

Define
Ionizing radiation

Answer 1

it is the Radiation that possesses the ability to remove electrons from atoms by a process called ionization

Question 2

What is the Somatic effect?

Answer 2

effects of radiation on the body being irradiated

Question 3

What is Primary radiation?

Answer 3

radiation exiting the X-ray tube

Question 4

What is Exit radiation ?

Answer 4

x-rays that emerge from the patient and strike the image receptor

Question 5

Attenuation

Answer 5

absorption and scatter (loss of intensity) of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient

Question 6

ALARA

Answer 6

principle means that radiographers do what is possible to keep doses at minimal levels

Question 7

Photoelectric effect

Answer 7

absorption of x-ray photons in the atoms of the body

Question 8

Gray

Answer 8

unit of absorbed dose, measured in joules per kilogram

Question 9

Gray

Answer 9

1 Gy = 1 J/kg

Question 10

What is Gray?

Answer 10

unit of radiation absorbed in the air

Question 11

What is Sievert?

Answer 11

it is the unit of effective dose

Question 12

Define NRC?

Answer 12

it is an organization that enforces radiation protection standards at the federal level related to use of radioactive material

Question 13

What is Cumulative effective dose ?

Answer 13

it is lifetime occupational exposure must not exceed the radiographer’s age multiplied by 10 mSv

Question 14

Linear energy transfer (LET)

Answer 14

amount of energy deposited by radiation per unit length of tissue

Question 15

What is the Direct effect?

Answer 15

It is the effect that occurs when radiation directly strikes DNA in the cellular nucleus

Question 16

Early somatic effects

Answer 16

hematopoietic syndrome; gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome; central nervous system syndrome

Question 17

Late somatic effects

Answer 17

carcinogenesis; cataractogenesis; embryologic effects; thyroid dysfunction; life span shortening

Question 18

Personnel monitoring devices

Answer 18

optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) badge, thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD),
digital ionization dosimeter

Question 19

Cardinal principles of radiation protection

Answer 19

distance, time, shielding

Question 20

Sievert (Sv)

Answer 20

unit of effective and equivalent dose

Question 21

Becquerel (Bq)

Answer 21

unit of radioactivity

Question 22

Ionizing radiation

Answer 22

It is able to remove electrons from atoms

Question 23

How is coherent scatter formed?

Answer 23

Produced by low-energy x-ray photons

Question 24

Coherent scatter

Answer 24

May have negligible effect on fog greater than 70 kVp

Question 25

When is Pair production formed?

Answer 25

at photon energies greater than 1.02 million electron volts

Question 26

atomic levels

Answer 26

k, l, m, n

Question 27

Annual effective dose limit for occupational exposure

Answer 27

50 mSv

Question 28

Cumulative effective dose limit

Answer 28

age (in years) × 10 mSv

Question 29

What is the Annual effective dose limit for the general public ?

Answer 29

1 mSv for frequent exposure

Question 30

What is the Annual effective dose limit for the general public?

Answer 30

5 mSv for infrequent exposure

Question 31

  What is the Effective dose limit for the embryo or fetus for all gestation?

Answer 31

5.0 mSv

Question 32

Main parts of the cell

Answer 32

cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

Question 33

Define LET ?

Answer 33

Amount of energy deposited per unit length of travel of radiation passing through matter

Question 34

  What is the Law of Bergonié and Tribondeauv?

Answer 34

Cells are most sensitive to radiation when they are immature, undifferentiated, and rapidly dividing

Question 35

Grids

Answer 35

remove scatter radiation from exit beam

Question 36

Monitor fluoroscopy timer

Answer 36

alarm after 5 minutes

Question 37

Lead apron

Answer 37

at least 0.5-mm lead equivalent

Question 38

OSL dosimeters

Answer 38

Aluminum oxide layer stores energy that is released when exposed to a laser

Question 39

TLDs

Answer 39

Store energy in lithium fluoride crystals that is released when heated

Question 40

OSL dosimeters

Answer 40

provide readings as low as 10 μGy

Question 41

TLDs

Answer 41

provide readings as low as 50 μGy

Question 42

 Digital ionization dosimeter

Answer 42

Measure exposures as low as 50 μGya

Question 43

Geiger-Mueller detector

Answer 43

Used to detect radioactive particles