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Safety > RAD 260: Safety > Flashcards

RAD 260: Safety Flashcards

1
Q

Define air kerma

A

Used to define radiation exposure or radiation delivered to a specific point.
Unit of measurement = Gy

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2
Q

Absorbed dose

A

Amount of energy ABSORBED per unit mass of tissue
Unit measurement of tissue = Gy

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3
Q

Effective dose

A

Estimates the risk present when various tissues are irradiated
Unit measurement = sievert(Sv)
(Absorbed dose x radiation weighting factor x tissue weighting factor)

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4
Q

Type of radiation damage: Somatic
What is somatic?

A

Damage to the exposed individual
(Damage to the cell itself)

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5
Q

Type of radiation damage: Genetic
Define it

A

Damage to the genetic code of the germ cell contained in the DNA; may be passed to the next generation

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6
Q

Absorption and scatter (loss of intensity) of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient.

A

Attenuation

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7
Q
  • Produced by low-energy x-ray photons
  • Atomic electrons are not removed but vibrate because of the deposition of energy from the photon
  • Does not affect image less than 70 kVp
A

Coherent scatter

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8
Q

What results in them complete absorption of the incoming x-ray photon; this interaction produces contrast in the radiographic image

A

Photoelectric interaction

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9
Q

What results in scattering of the incoming x-ray photon; scatter produced by this interaction must be removed from the beam before it strikes the IR

A

Compton interaction

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10
Q

The source of the exposure to the radiographer or radiologist during fluoroscopy

A

Compton scatter

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11
Q

Randomly occurring effects of radiation; the probability of such effects is proportional to the dose (increased dose equals increase probability, not severity, of effects)

A

Stochastic effects

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12
Q

Effects that become more severe at high levels of radiation exposure and do not occur below a certain threshold dose

A

Tissue reactions

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13
Q

Indicates that NO level of radiation can be considered completely safe
-a response occurs at every dose

A

Linear-nonthreshold

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14
Q

Indicates that a lower doses of radiation exposure, no response is expected
- When the threshold dose is exceeded, the response is directly proportional to the dose received

A

Linear - threshold

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15
Q

Indicates that at a lower doses of radiation exposure, no response is expected
- When the the threshold dose is exceeded, the response is not directly proportional to the dose received and is increasingly effective per unit dose

A

Nonlinear - threshold

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16
Q

Indicates that no level of radiation can be considered completely safe
- a response occurs at every dose

A

Nonlinear - nonthreshold

17
Q

What is the occupational exposure - annual equivalent dose limits for the lens of the eyes and localized areas of skin & hands?

A

Eyes: 150 mSv
Hands/skin: 500 mSv

18
Q

Ability to produce biological damage, varies with LET

A

Relative biological effectiveness (RBE)

19
Q

Which law states that cells are most sensitive to radiation when they are immature, undifferentiated, and rapidly dividing?

A

Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau

20
Q

Which blood cells are the most radiosensitive in the body?

A

Lymphocytes

21
Q

What are the early tissue reactions?

A
  1. Erythema
  2. Epilation
  3. Decreased blood count
  4. Acute radiation syndrome
22
Q

What are the late tissue reactions?

A
  1. Cataractogenesis
  2. Thyroid: cancer or cessation of function
  3. Effect of fertility
23
Q

What are the stochastic effects?

A
  1. Carcinogenesis: radiation induced malignancy
  2. Non malignant radiodermatitis
  3. Embryologic effects
  4. Genetic mutations
24
Q

Amount of energy deposited per unit length of travel of radiation passing through matter

A

Linear energy transfer (LET)

25
Q

How many mm should our lead aprons be equivalent to?

A

At least 0.25 mm

26
Q

Law that governs the intensity os the x-radiation; states that the intensity of the x-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source of the X-rays and the object

A

Inverse square law

27
Q

Blood count can be depressed with a whole-body dose of?

A

0.25 Sv

28
Q

What dosimeter has aluminum oxide layers that stores energy that is released when exposed to a laser?

A

OSL dosimeters

29
Q

What dosimeter stores energy in lithium fluoride crystals that is released when heated?

A

Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs)

30
Q

The process of cell division for germ cells is called?

A

Meiosis

Safety (1 decks)

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