Rad 210 Flashcards
Upper limb
A common SID for upper limb
Min 40 Sid
How many bones in each and and wrist
27
How many groups of bones are the hand and wrist divided into?
3
List the 3 groups of hand and wrist bones
Phalanges, Metacarpals, Carpals
What is phalanges?
Fingers and digits
What does Metacarpals mean?
Palm
What does DIP mean?
Distal interphalangeal
What does PIP mean?
Proximal interphalangeal
What does MCP mean?
metacarpophalangeal
What does CMC mean?
carpometacarpal
What does the term hamate mean?
hooked
Accurate centering and alignment of the body and the Cr are important for exams of the upper limbs to avoid..?
Shape and size distortion
what is the mnemonic for the carpals?
Steve Left The Party To Take Carol Home.
To prevent superimposition of the radius and ulna that may result from these pivot-type rotational movements, the forearm is radiographed with the hand?
Supinated for AP projection
The radius and ulna can be separated through lateral rotation of what degree?
40-45
The principal exposure factors for radiography of the upper limbs are?
- Lower to medium kVp (60 to 80—digital)
- Short exposure time
- Small focal spot
- Adequate mAs for sufficient density (brightness)
A general positioning rule that is especially applicable to the upper limbs is to?
Always to place the long axis of the part being imaged parallel to the long axis of the portion of the IR being exposed.
The following three positioning principles should be remembered for upper limb examinations?
- Part should be parallel to plane of IR.
- CR should be 90° or perpendicular to part and IR, unless a specific CR angle is indicated.
- CR should be directed to correct centering point.
What is the ALARA principle?
as low as reasonably achievable
The third carpal bone on the proximal row (from the lateral aspect of wrist) is the?
Triquetrum
Which of the following structures is located on
the distal humerus?
Capitulum
he interphalangeal (IP) joints are classified as?
Ginglymus
The distal radius will cross over the ulna when
the hand is pronated
True
What are the three positioning
principles
- Part parallel to IR
- CR 90° to part and IR
- Correct CR centering
What type of CR angle is required for the AP
axial projection (modified Robert’s method)?
15° proximal
How many exposures (minimum) are required
for the AP elbow acute flexion study?
2
What type of CR angle is required for the
tangential (Gaynor-Hart method) projection?
25° to 30°
A good criterion by which to evaluate a true lateral position of the elbow when it is flexed
90 degrees
The bones of the upper limb can be divided into four main groups, list the groups.
1) hand and wrist
2) forearm
3) arm
4 shoulder gridle
Each phalanx consists of three parts,list them.
head, body(shaft) and base
For radiographic purposes, the first metacarpal is considered part of the thumb and must be included in its entirety in a radiograph of the thumb from…
the distal phalanx to the base of the first metacarpal.
The _______ is a small depression on the medial aspect of the distal radius.
Ulnar notch
The ___________ is located at the proximal end of the radius near the elbow joint.
head of the radius
The ______________ are ellipsoidal (condyloid)-type joints that allow movement in four directions—flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
second to fifth MCP joints
Radiographic examinations involving the upper limb on ambulatory patients generally are performed with the patient seated_____?
sideways at the end of the table, in a position that is neither strained nor uncomfortable.
Technical Factors for a PA Projection—Fingers
- Minimum SID—40 inches (100 cm)
- IR size—8 × 10 inches (18 × 24 cm), portrait; smallest IR available and collimate to area of interest
- Nongrid
- kVp range—55 to 65
Technical Factors for “FAN” Lateral—Lateromedial Projection: Hand
- Minimum SID—40 inches (100 cm)
- IR size—10 × 12 inches (24 × 30 cm), portrait; smallest IR available and collimate to area of interest
- Nongrid
- kVp range—55 to 65
- Accessories—45° foam step support
Patient Position for PA Scaphoid—Hand Elevated and Ulnar Deviation: Wrist
Seat patient at end of table with hand and forearm extended. Drop shoulder so that shoulder, elbow, and wrist are on same horizontal plane.
Patient Position for Lateromedial Projection—Elbow
Seat patient at end of table, with elbow flexed 90°
What is the proper shielding for patient during Upper lim x-rays.
A lead, vinyl-covered shield should be draped over the patient’s lap or gonadal area.
The hand is flexwd _______ in relation to the IR for the AP axial projection?
65*
During the PA axial scaphoid projection with central ray angle and ulnar flexion, the central ray must be angled _____-______ proximally.
10-15
Osteopetrosis
Mixed areas of sclerotic and cortical thickining along with radiolucent lesions.
For a forearm study, the tech needs to include only the joints closest to the site of the injury?
False
How much and what direction should the central ray be angled for the trauma axial lateral projection, involving the coronoid process?
45* away from the shoulder
What routine projections are required for a study of the forearm?
AP and lateral
The best position to evaluate the posterior fat pads of the elbow joint is?
lateral, flexed 90*
To position the patient properly for an AP projection of the elbow, the epicondyles must be ______ to the IR?
Parallel
Bursitis
Fluid-filled joint space with possible calcification
Carpal tunnel syndrome
possible calcification in the carpal sulcus
