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radiology > rad 2 > Flashcards

rad 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does PID stand for

A

position Indicating Device

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2
Q

what does XCP stand for

A

Extension cone paralleling

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3
Q

what does OFD stand for

A

object to film distance

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4
Q

what does TFD stand for

A

Target film distance

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5
Q

What does SID stand for

A

source image distance

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6
Q

what does AFD stand for

A

anode film distance

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7
Q

what does FFD stand

A

focal film distance

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8
Q

which acronyms are synonymous

A

TFD, SID, AFD, and FFD

TFD is most common though

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9
Q

what are rules for paralleling technique

A

Sensor placement, sensor position, Vertical angulation, horizontal angulation, and sensor exposure

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10
Q

T/F: the sensor should be placed parallel to long axis of tooth

A

true

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11
Q

T/F: the central ray of the X-ray beam is directed parallel to the sensor

A

false; the central ray should be perpendicular to the sensor ——ray—– lsensorl

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12
Q

what should be used to keep the film holder parallel with the long axis of the tooth

A

a sensor/film holder

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13
Q

what size sensor is used in the anterior region of adults

A

size 1

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14
Q

which size sensor is used in the posterior of adults and adolescence in a horizontal direcrtions

A

size 2

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15
Q

how can you ensure that only the most parallel rays will be directed at the tooth

A

increase the target-sensor(or film) distance

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16
Q

cone placement in an up and down direction

A

Vertical angulation

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17
Q

cone placement in a side to side direction

A

horizontal angulation

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18
Q

what is horizontal angulation especially important for

A

bitewing, keeping contacts open

19
Q

what is the correct order of steps:

  1. film/sensor placement
  2. equipment preparation
  3. exposure sequence for film/ sensor placements
  4. patient preparation
A

4, 2, 3, 1

20
Q

how should you prep the patient

A
  • explain the procedure
  • adjust chair
  • adjust headrest
  • place and secure the lead apron *
  • remove all objects from mouth (i.e. lip or tongue ring)
21
Q

how should you prep the equipment

A
  • set exposure factors
  • prepare sensor
  • open sterilized package contains beam alignment device
22
Q

should you start with anterior or posteriors first

A

anteriors

23
Q

defined as the specific area where the film/sensor must be positioned before exposure; what is this dictated by?

A

film placement; teeth and surrounding structures (i.e. tori)

24
Q

what can be used for paralleling technique when the pt has a shallow palate

A

cotton rolls: 2, one on each side of bite block

vertical angulation: can be increased by 5-15 degrees

25
Q

how do you compensate for a pt who has a maxillary torus

A

sensor must be placed on far side of torus and then exposed

26
Q

how do you compensate for a pt who has a mandibular tori

A

the sensor must be placed b/w the tori and tongue then exposed

27
Q

advantages of paralleling technique

A
  • accuracy: image is distortion-free
  • simplicity: eliminates need to determine horizontal and vertical angulation
  • duplication: comparison of serial radiographs has great validity
28
Q

Disadvantages of paralleling

A

film placement may be difficult

discomfort

29
Q

in this technique, the sensor is placed in the mouth parallel to the crowns of both upper and lower teeth

A

bite wing technique

30
Q

error: film appears clear, image will not register on computer

A

unexposed film/sensor

31
Q

failure to turn on machine, electrical failure, or malfunction of the x-ray machine will result in

A

un unexposed film/sensor

32
Q

Error: film appears black

A

film/sensor exposed to light

33
Q

Error: film/image appears dark

A

overexposed film

34
Q

excessive exposure time , kilovoltage or mill amperage set to high will cause

A

overexposed film/sensor

35
Q

Error: film/image appears to light

A

underexposed film

36
Q

the film/sensor being underexposed or setting to low will cause

A

underexposed film

37
Q

What causes the film to appear distorted

A

incorrect vertical angulation

38
Q

what causes images to appear foreshortened(short teeth with blunted apices)

A

excessive vertical angulation; too steep

39
Q

what causes images to appear elongated

A

vertical angulation is too flat

40
Q

overlap is caused by what

A

central ray was not directed through the interproximal spaces

41
Q

an image that appears tilted is caused by what

A

dropped film/image corner

42
Q

the PID not properly aligned with the film/sensor holder will cause

A

cone cut

43
Q

Error: a thin radiolucent line appears over film

A

creasing

44
Q

what causes creasing?

A

film being creased; exclusive to film

radiology (3 decks)

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