racism Flashcards
marger 2012
racism is an ideology designed to justify and rationalize racial and ethnic inequality.
Racial discrimination is behaviour aimed at denying members of particular ethnic groups equal access to societal rewards
positive action
treating people who share a protected characteristic more favourably. only lawful if it involves taking proportionate steps to help address imbalances in the workforce. Appointments are still made on merit of skill and experiences, but Positive Action allows under-represented groups with protected characteristics such as race to overcome barriers when competing with other applicants.
Positive Action can be used to attract people into roles where they are currently under-represented.
news
News as reflection of reality – mirrors society
News as construction of reality
Journalists sometimes reinforce racist stereotypes.
stereotypes
Standardized ‘mental pictures’ which symbolically reinforce certain normative assumptions about people, groups or institutions (or, indeed, entire countries) through over-simplification
walter lippmann 1922 US journalist and commentator
In his book Public Opinion he described a stereotype as a ‘picture in our heads’ shaping our imaginations in ways that are difficult to resist.
believed that they could be used responsibly as a ‘short cut’ by journalists striving to make complex points more straightforward to grasp.
allan and zelizer 2010
a journalist’s deployment of stereotypes, far from being harmless or ‘just a bit of fun’ may contribute to the cultural reproduction of prejudice or discrimination
stuart hall representation in the media
overt racism - where favourable media coverage is granted to explicitly or openly racist positions and arguments.
Inferential racism - seemingly naturalised representations of situations where racist premises or propositions are being inscribed in the media coverage as a set of unquestioned assumptions
institutional racism
formal or informal structural mechanisms such as policies and processes that systematically subordinate, marginalise, and exclude non-dominant groups - solorzano et al
racial profiling
persons from certain races or ethnic groups are treated less favourable by law enforcement because they are stereotyped as prone to commit crime.
Criticisms about officers being quick to wrongly suspect minority ethnic people (e.g. the case of Andrew Boateng and his son, Huugo)
Criticisms about police failures when Black people are victims of crime (e.g. the case of sisters, Nicole Smallman and Bibaa Henry)
tokenism
a situation in which a person from a non-dominant or underprivileged group is allowed to temporarily share in some of the privileges of the dominant group.
intersectionality - kimberle crenshaw
Drawn from black feminist and critical legal theory.
Intersectionality puts forward that racial discrimination is intensified when persons possess a combination of certain characteristics (e.g. race, class, sex, sexual orientation, disability). For example, being black (race) and female (sex).
BLM
BLM began in 2013 as #BlackLivesMatter in response to the acquittal of Trayvon Martin’s murderer.
Founded by Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza, and Opal Tometi, #BlackLivesMatter developed into an international Human Rights organisation known as Black Lives Matter.
The organisation campaigns against violence and racism towards Black people.
decolonising higher education concerns
Diversity in curriculum’s content
Diversity in employment of staff in HE
Diversity at top positions in HE
Diversity in admission of students
Attainment gap of BAMEs
Diversity in Authors
The attainment gap between white and black students qualifyingwith a 1st or 2:1 degree between 2016/17 was 24% (AdvanceHE, 2018).
Black graduates’ unemployment rate is over two times higher than white graduates(Equity, 2019).
52% of Black graduates go on to undertake low skilled employment after University(Equity, 2019).
Race pay gap after university is 23% (Equity, 2019).
techno racism
facial recognition to make arrests. technology it can’t identify one black man or woman to another. Techno-racism describes a phenomenon in which the racism experienced by people of color is encoded in the technical systems used in our everyday lives” (Nkonde, 2021)
jim crow law
Jim Crow laws were a collection of state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation in the United States. These laws existed for about 100 years, from the post-Civil War era until 19681. The laws were named after a Black minstrel show character and were meant to marginalize African Americans by denying them the right to vote, hold jobs, get an education, or other opportunities1. Those who attempted to defy Jim Crow laws often faced arrest, fines, jail sentences, violence, and death
