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Politics C > Racial & Ethnic Politics > Flashcards

Racial & Ethnic Politics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 13th amendment?

A

Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a crime

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2
Q

What is the 14th amendment?

A

Addressed citizenship rights and equal protection of laws eg. Right to vote

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3
Q

What is the 15th amendment?

A

Prohibits federal and state governments from denying citizens the right to vote based on race/colour

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4
Q

What did Brown vs Board 1954 state?

A

Segregated public schools were unconstitutional and so Plessy vs Ferguson 1896 was overturned

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5
Q

What % of the population is Black, and Hispanic?

A

12.3%

16%

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6
Q

What tensions do the following ethnic minorities bring?
Italians
Chinese
Jews

A
  • threat of organised crime
  • fear of communism
  • religious opposition
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7
Q

How many African Americans did Obamacare give healthcare access to?

A

20 million

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8
Q

How many people believe an African American President has helped race relations rather than hinder then?

A

43% - 34%

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9
Q

How did Obama enhance race relation tension in 2009?

A

Called the police stupid for arresting a prominent African American in his own home

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10
Q

What are civil rights?

A

Positive acts of government designed to protect people aghast discriminatory treatment

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11
Q

Have civil rights been achieved? [2/3]

A
  • Equality of opportunity
  • Constitutional amendments enshrined civil rights
  • Equality of results
  • African Americans at a social disadvantage
  • Constitutional amendments didn’t have an instant impact
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12
Q

What is Affirmative Action?

A

Positive discrimination of African Americans in order to increase their social and economic status. Particularly prevalent in areas such as education, jobs and housing

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13
Q

When was the first Affirmative Action event and what did it state?

A

1965 Executive Order

- established requirements for non discriminatory employment from US government contractors

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14
Q

What was the 1969 Philadelphia Order?

A

Required government contractors in Philadelphia to hire minority workers. Federal contractors had to meet certain goals in hiring to combat institutionalised discrimination

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15
Q

When was Regents of California vs Bakke and what did it state

A

1978

Ruled that numerical quotas were unconstitutional, but that race was allowed to be a factor in college applications

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16
Q

What was the 1987 US vs Paradise ruling?

A

Alabama police department required to implement a 1 for 1 promotion scheme
- quota was necessary given their poor record previously

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17
Q

When was Adarand vs Pena and what did it state?

A

1995

- Racial classifications had to be analysed under strict scrutiny, the highest level of judicial review

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18
Q

What happened in Grutter vs Bollinger?

A

Affirmative Action programme upheld for University of Michigan. Wasn’t a quota system, and was individualised

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19
Q

What was the 2014 Schuette vs Coalition to Defend ruling?

A

Court ruled that bans on Affirmative Action are constitutional under the 14th amendment
Eg. Proposition 209 - California

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20
Q

What are the arguments for Affirmative Action? [6]

A

It works. 15% of 25-29 olds in Uni in 1995 (5% in 1960)
Most effective method devised so far
Diverse education systems create a tolerant society
Opens up areas to ethnic minorities that might not have considered
Positive discrimination rights previous wrongs
Programmes lead to greater levels of diversity

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21
Q

Arguments against Affirmative Action [6]

A

Condescending to minorities
Creates a society still based on race
Basically a quota system
Focuses on groups rather than individuals
Reverse discrimination creates racial tension
Negative effects on dropouts and performance

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22
Q

What was Carl Cohen’s opinion of Affirmative Action in 1995

A

Can’t be a success as it’s based on race so doesn’t move society to a point where race doesn’t exist

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23
Q

What did Sotomayor say about affirmative action in 2003?

A

It should only last for 25 years

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24
Q

What was the Michigan mandate?

A

Sought to introduce ethnically and racially diverse groups to promote a tolerant society, which could eventually lead the state while being socially representative

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25
Q

What were federal civil service employee statistics in 1990, and what are they now?

A

73 White
16 Black
5 Hispanic

65 White
18 Black
8 Hispanic

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26
Q

In a 2014 survey, what % of white college students felt Affirmative Action was good, and not?

A

55% good

36% don’t

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27
Q

In the 2014 affirmative action survey, what was the Black and Hispanic attitudes?

A

84/8 amongst Blacks

80/15 amongst Hispanics

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28
Q

What % of blacks feel that they haven’t been affected by affirmative action?

A

87%

29
Q

What was the national unemployment rate in 2012?

  • amongst African Americans?
  • amongst 16-19 African Americans?
A
  1. 3%
    - 13.6%
    - 38.5%
30
Q

How many African Americans were there in 1984, what was the chamber makeup?

A

21, all in the House

31
Q

What is the African American representation currently in Congress?

A

46 Representatives

2 Senators

32
Q

What has been the key change that’s led to an increase in African American representation in Congress?

A

Development of ‘majority-minority’ districts, where the majority of residents are a minority group

33
Q

Who was the first African American to have a Senior Congressional role, and what was it?

A

James Clyburn, Chief Whip

34
Q

What is the Hispanic representation in Congress?

A

4 senators

35 representatives

35
Q

What is the Asian American representation currently in Congress?

A

3 senators

13 representatives

36
Q

Which black African American competed in Democratic presidential primaries in 1972, and how many delegates did they get?

A

Shirley Chisholm, 152

37
Q

How many votes did Jesse Jackson get in 1984?

A

3 million votes, came 3rd

38
Q

What % of the African American vote did Obama get in 2008?

A

95

39
Q

What was the Hispanic vote in 2016 by party?

A

65% Democrat

29% Republican

40
Q

In the 2014 elections, what were the priorities for white voters and ethnic minority voters

A

White; Terrorism

Ethnic Minorities; Economy

41
Q

Who did Lynden Johnson appoint as the first African American department secretary and to what department?

A

Robert Weaver

Housing & Urban Development

42
Q

Who was the first ‘Top 3’ department secretary appointment and when?

A

Colin Powell as State in 2001, replaced later by Condoleezza Rice

43
Q

Give an example of an African American, a Hispanic and a Chinese American in Obamas Cabinet?

A

Eric Holder - Justice
Ken Salazar - Interior
Steven Chu - Energy

44
Q

Who is Trumps transportation secretary?

A

Elaine Chao

45
Q

Who was the first black Supreme Court justice?

A

Thurgood Marshall in 1967

46
Q

Who was the first Italian American on the Supreme Court, and the first Hispanic?

A

Antonin Scalia in 1986, followed by Alito in 2006

Sotomayor in 2009

47
Q

What % of Carters judicial appointments were ethnic minorities

A

20% (1977-81)

48
Q

What was the ethnic breakdown of Obamas judicial appointments (compared with the population)

A

18% black (12% pop)
12% Hispanic (16% pop)
7% Asian (4.7% pop)

49
Q

Who was the first African American state governor, and where?

A

1990 Douglas Wilder, Governor of Virginia

50
Q

What % of state legislatures were African Americans in 2012?

A

8%

51
Q

Why do the Courts play the biggest role in protecting civil rights and liberties

A

Codified

Judicial review allows the court to interpret the meaning the bill of rights in today’s society

52
Q

Examples of the Court being effective in protecting minority rights [2]

A

Brown vs Board 1954

Grutter vs Bollinger 2003

53
Q

Examples of the Court not being effective in protecting civil rights and liberties [3]

A

Regents of California vs Bakke 1978 - can’t use numerical quotas
Adarand vs Pena 1995 - strict scrutiny of plans needed
Gratz vs Bollinger

54
Q

What did the 2013 Shelby County vs Holder rule?

A

Overturned 1965 Voting Rights Act clause that mean some states needed federal approval to change their voting laws

55
Q

What was the effect of Shelby County vs Holder?

A

Photo ID laws introduced

Trump won Wisconsin by 30,000 votes, after a Strict ID law limited nearly 300,000 votes

56
Q

What did the 1957 Congressional law do?

A

Created a Civil rights commission, and made it a crime to prevent a person from voting in an election

57
Q

What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act do?

A

Tried to tackle discrimination of minorities

  • made it harder to use literacy tests and poll taxes to prevent African Americans voting
  • federal government power to take legal action against segregated schools
58
Q

What is the 24th amendment?

A

Prohibits use of poll tax

59
Q

How can the President use his role as Commander in Chief domestically?

A

Use it to enforce legislation and Supreme Court decisions

- Eisenhower sent troops to Little Rock to desegregate schools in 1957

60
Q

Give examples of the President both supporting and criticising Civil rights legislation?

A

Johnson supported the 64 and 65 Civil Rights Act
Bush criticised Supreme Court in Gratz vs Bollinger

Nixon critical of ‘busing’ of Charlotte Meckelenburg vs Swann

61
Q

What % of people felt electing Obama was the most important African American advance in 100 years

a) after Election Day
b) October 2009
c) August 2011

A

35%
20%
15%

62
Q

What % of the population in Latino, and what is the projection by 2050?

A

16, rising to 29

63
Q

What led to strong Latino support for Obama in 2012?

A

His advocacy of the Dream Act, 71% of vote

64
Q

Why is the Latino vote crucial?

A

They have high populations in key swing states, such as Florida and Nevada

65
Q

Why is it hard to attract the Latino vote?

A

Not politically homogeneous (Cubans are likely to be Republican)
Latinos generally vote Democrat because of their socioeconomic status (fundamental Republican shift)

66
Q

What was the distribution of the 2010 Hispanic population?

A
  1. 8% California
  2. 7% Texas
  3. 4% Florida
67
Q

What were the key Latino priorities in elections?

A
  • Improving education system
  • Defending from terrorist attacks
  • Economy
68
Q

How did Republicans increase their Latino vote share from 2012?

A

2016
Men (33-62)
Women (26-68)

2012
Men (33-65)
Women (23-76)

Politics C (4 decks)

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