Rachael Curry Flashcards
joint =
where 2 or more bones meet
function of joints =
to facilitate growth and transmit forces
3 main types of joints =
synovial
fibrous
cartilaginous
types of synovial joint (and examples) =
SYNOVIAL JOINTS ALLOW FRICTION-FREE MOVEMENT
hinge plane ball and socket pivot condyloid saddle
types of fibrous joint (and examples) =
SUTURES
eg- joints between skull vault bones
SYNDESMOSIS
fibrous membrane between long bones in leg/arm
eg- radioulnar interosseous membrane
GOMPHOSIS
peg and socket joint
eg- teeth in mandible/maxillary bone
types of cartilaginous joint (and examples) =
SYNCHONDRIOSUS primary bone ----- hyaline cartilage ----- bone very strong, little mobility eg - costo-sternal joint
SYMPHYSIS secondary bone --- hyaline --- fibrous --- hyaline --- bone strong, limited movement eg - intervertebral discs
factors that influence joint stability =
SHAPE
bony factors
depth of socket
eg - hip stability > shoulder stability because it is more DEVELOPED and CLOSE-FITTING
LIGAMENT STRENGTH/POSITION
stretch of joint
allow for movement without compromising stability
eg - hypermobility = weak ligaments
MUSCLE TONE
continuous constriction of muscle
holds joint in relative position
agonist muscle movement =
prime mover
main participant in movement
antagonist muscle movement =
muscles that oppose movement of prime mover
enhance stability/smoothness of movement
ligament =
collagenous structures
strands of thickened fibrous capsule
attaches bone to bone
ligament functions =
restrict movement of joint to protect against hypermobility / dislocation
ligament itself is easily sprained/overstretched
tendon =
strong fibrous collagen tissue
a flexible but inelastic cord
attaches bone to muscle
tendon functions =
stretch and recoil mechanism
transmits the force generated by a muscle to the bones or joints to which it is attached
facilitates movement
synovial sheath =
specialised bursae
surround tendons where they are subject to pressure
encase tendons in hand and foot
articular disc =
fibrocartilage structures
deepen and strengthen joint where there are rotatory movements
(eg - metacarpal joints)
fibrous capsule =
collagenous sleeve
surrounds joints
forms extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments
prevents dislocation of joint
bursae =
closed sacs lined with synovial membrane
found where friction occurs
eg- between skin/bone, tendons/bone
joint dislocation damages. . .
ADJACENT STRUCTURES
vessels
nerves
osteoarthritis =
degenerative "wear and tear" occurs in weight-bearing joints / articular cartilage minimises space in joint - bone spurs - rough edges overcompensation for stress
rheumatoid arthritis =
autoimmune
destruction of articular cartilage
occurs in any joint
compartments of muscle =
contain groups of muscles that share a function
prime mover =
main participant in a movement
synergist =
muscles that support and enhance function of prime mover
3 types of connective tissue coverings
endomysium
perimysium
epimysium
muscles arranged in bundles or fasciculi
endomysium =
deepest
separates the muscle fibres
perimysium =
middle
lies between the fasciculi
epimysium =
superficial
dense sheath over surface of muscle
control of skeletal muscle growth =
myosatellite cells create myoblasts —mature into—> myocytes
MYOSTATIN inhibits this differentiation process
therefore limits muscle growth
extrinsic vs. intrinsic ligaments
extrinsic = outside capsule intrinsic = part of capsule
