Rachael Curry

Question 1

joint =

Answer 1

where 2 or more bones meet

Question 2

function of joints =

Answer 2

to facilitate growth and transmit forces

Question 3

3 main types of joints =

Answer 3

synovial
fibrous
cartilaginous

Question 4

types of synovial joint (and examples) =

Answer 4

SYNOVIAL JOINTS ALLOW FRICTION-FREE MOVEMENT

hinge
plane
ball and socket
pivot
condyloid
saddle

Question 5

types of fibrous joint (and examples) =

Answer 5

SUTURES
eg- joints between skull vault bones

SYNDESMOSIS
fibrous membrane between long bones in leg/arm
eg- radioulnar interosseous membrane

GOMPHOSIS
peg and socket joint
eg- teeth in mandible/maxillary bone

Question 6

types of cartilaginous joint (and examples) =

Answer 6

SYNCHONDRIOSUS
primary
bone ----- hyaline cartilage ----- bone
very strong, little mobility
eg - costo-sternal joint 

SYMPHYSIS
secondary
bone --- hyaline --- fibrous --- hyaline --- bone
strong, limited movement
eg - intervertebral discs

Question 7

factors that influence joint stability =

Answer 7

SHAPE
bony factors
depth of socket
eg - hip stability > shoulder stability because it is more DEVELOPED and CLOSE-FITTING

LIGAMENT STRENGTH/POSITION
stretch of joint
allow for movement without compromising stability
eg - hypermobility = weak ligaments

MUSCLE TONE
continuous constriction of muscle
holds joint in relative position

Question 8

agonist muscle movement =

Answer 8

prime mover

main participant in movement

Question 9

antagonist muscle movement =

Answer 9

muscles that oppose movement of prime mover

enhance stability/smoothness of movement

Question 10

ligament =

Answer 10

collagenous structures
strands of thickened fibrous capsule
attaches bone to bone

Question 11

ligament functions =

Answer 11

restrict movement of joint to protect against hypermobility / dislocation
ligament itself is easily sprained/overstretched

Question 12

tendon =

Answer 12

strong fibrous collagen tissue
a flexible but inelastic cord
attaches bone to muscle

Question 13

tendon functions =

Answer 13

stretch and recoil mechanism
transmits the force generated by a muscle to the bones or joints to which it is attached
facilitates movement

Question 14

synovial sheath =

Answer 14

specialised bursae
surround tendons where they are subject to pressure
encase tendons in hand and foot

Question 15

articular disc =

Answer 15

fibrocartilage structures
deepen and strengthen joint where there are rotatory movements
(eg - metacarpal joints)

Question 16

fibrous capsule =

Answer 16

collagenous sleeve
surrounds joints
forms extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments
prevents dislocation of joint

Question 17

bursae =

Answer 17

closed sacs lined with synovial membrane
found where friction occurs
eg- between skin/bone, tendons/bone

Question 18

joint dislocation damages. . .

Answer 18

ADJACENT STRUCTURES
vessels
nerves

Question 19

osteoarthritis =

Answer 19

degenerative
"wear and tear"
occurs in weight-bearing joints / articular cartilage
minimises space in joint
- bone spurs
- rough edges
overcompensation for stress

Question 20

rheumatoid arthritis =

Answer 20

autoimmune
destruction of articular cartilage
occurs in any joint

Question 21

compartments of muscle =

Answer 21

contain groups of muscles that share a function

Question 22

prime mover =

Answer 22

main participant in a movement

Question 23

synergist =

Answer 23

muscles that support and enhance function of prime mover

Question 24

3 types of connective tissue coverings

Answer 24

endomysium
perimysium
epimysium

muscles arranged in bundles or fasciculi

Question 25

endomysium =

Answer 25

deepest

separates the muscle fibres

Question 26

perimysium =

Answer 26

middle

lies between the fasciculi

Question 27

epimysium =

Answer 27

superficial

dense sheath over surface of muscle

Question 28

control of skeletal muscle growth =

Answer 28

myosatellite cells create myoblasts —mature into—> myocytes
MYOSTATIN inhibits this differentiation process
therefore limits muscle growth

Question 29

extrinsic vs. intrinsic ligaments

Answer 29

extrinsic = outside capsule
intrinsic = part of capsule