Rachael Curry Flashcards
structure of simple sugars
simple structure = monosaccharides
3-6 carbon chain + several -OH groups + carbonyl (aldehyde or ketone) group
structure of glycogen
highly branched polysaccharide made of multiple glucose units linked by α-1,4 and α-1,6-glycosidic bonds.
Glycogen’s role as a store
glycogen = most common homo-polymer in animal cells.
the storage form of glucose
predominantly found in liver and muscle
tests that measure carbohydrate concentration
1) REDUCING SUGARS (= A sugar that will reduce inorganic ions such as Cu++ (Fehling’s reagent).)
All monosaccharides whether an aldose or a ketose are reducing sugars. Therefore, presence of sugar in solution can be detected by colour change due to OXIDATION of Cu++ (blue —> green)
USE STANDARD CURVE TO DETERMINE EXACT CONCENTRATION FROM ABSORBANCE
clinical implications of high carbohydrate concentration
HYPERGLYCEMIA
Indication of: stress an illness, such as a cold eating too much, eg- snacking between meals a lack of exercise
clinical implications of low carbohydrate concentration
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Indication of:
overproduction of insulin
some medical conditions, eg-hepatitis or kidney disorders
endocrine disorders, eg- adrenal gland deficiency
defects in carbohydrate metabolism (GALACTOSEMIA)
D-glucose vs. D-galactose = body cannot digest galactose (must be converted to glucose first)
therefore galactosemia =
lack of enzyme(s) required for galactose metabolism
can result in accumulation of galactose intermediates
toxic effects in liver, brain, kidneys and eyes
(autosomal recessive condition)
D-Glucose =
an aldohexose with the formula C6H12O6
known as BLOOD SUGAR in the body (found in fruit/honey)
the monosaccharide in polymers of starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
defects in carbohydrate metabolism (LACTOSE INTOLERANCE)
Lack of lactase enzyme in the small intestines
Lactose passes into colon —-> Bacteria start to ferment lactose —–> Stomach cramps, bloating and flatulence
Cyclic structure of glucose
form when the hydroxyl group on C-5 reacts with the aldehyde group or ketone group.
Cyclic structure: beta vs. alpha
determined by the position
defects in carbohydrate metabolism (LACTOSE INTOLERANCE)
Lack of lactase enzyme in the small intestines
Lactose passes into colon —-> Bacteria start to ferment lactose —–> Stomach cramps, bloating and flatulence
EXPRESSION OF GENE NOT CARRIED TO MATURITY / DAMAGED SMALL INTESTINE
Cyclic structure: beta vs. alpha
determined by the position of the -OH group relative to the plane of the C ring
Beta = ABOVE plane of molecule Alpha = BELOW plane of molecule
Simplest sugar =
glyceraldehyde
HO-C-C(OH)(H)-C2OH
Examples of monosaccharides =
glucose
fructose
galactose
