Race & Ethnicity Flashcards
Race vs Ethnicity
Race
- socially constructed concept with social consequences
Ethnicity
- shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more
Racialization: the social process by which certain social groups are marked for unequal treatment based on perceived physiological differences
- melanin = a pigment in skin that determines the skin’s shade
- while our DNA is the same, we have different noses, lips, bodies, skin colour
- during colonial era, they used our physiological differences to make hierarchy
Miscegenation = the blending of different racialized groups through sexual relations, procreation, marriage, or cohabitation
- was illegal for a long time
Minority Group vs Majority Group
Minority group: definable category of people who are socially disadvantaged
Majority group: a definable category of people who are socially advantaged
- it’s not about numbers, it’s about access and advantages
2 Components of Minority Group:
2 Components of Minority Group:
1. Lack of Social Power
2. Distinct definable character from the majority group
Stigma: an attribute that assigns negative characteristics that do not exist to a person or group
Stereotypes and Prejudice
Stereotypes: oversimplified ideas about groups of people
- can be positive or negative
- this group is really good at this or really bad at this
- ex. asian kids are suppose to be good at math
- this assumption may cause others to not give the assistance/ support needed
Prejudice: a negative judgement about a person or group, long-lasting and not based on fact
Ecological Fallacy: drawing conclusion about individual based on group data
Exceptional Fallacy: using one exceptional situation and relating to larger group
Discrimination
Discrimination: action that deny or grant advantages to member of particular group
- acting on our stereotypes or prejudice
Individual Discrimination: occurs when an individual advantages or disadvantages another because of that person’s group membership
Direct Institution Discrimination: it occurs when an institution employs policies and practices that are discrimination against a person or group
Indirect Institutional Discrimination: when individuals are treated differently based on unlawful criteria, even though this action was never intended to be discriminatory
White Privilege
White Privilege: the benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group
- Overlap of prejudice and discrimination
Racism
Racism: a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others
- type of discrimination
Individual Racism:happens face to face
Institutional Racism: a society that is built on a discriminatory foundation as part of state policies implementation on a different group of people
- “Indian Act”
- Canada is built on institutional racism
- a history we don’t want to talk about
- can support individual racism
Democratic Racism: a system that advocates equality but, in fact, perpetuates minority differentiation and oppression
- hides racism
- like prison system = modern day slavery
- Canada is built on colonialism
Indigenous People in Canada
Indigenous People in Canada
Settler Society
- a society historically based on colonization through foreign settlement and displacement of aboriginal inhabitants
- taught each other
- indigenous taught how to survive off Canadian Land and survive winter
- Settlers taught how to make stronger boats + technological advancements
Four Stages of Colonialism
1. mutual relationship
2. economic reliance on the colonial economy and loss of authority
3. establishment of reserves
4. political mobilization and resistance
a. working towards truth and reconciliation and decolonization
“in order to educate the children properly, we must separate them from their families. Some people may say that this is hard, but if we want to civilize them, we must do that” Public Works Minister Hector L.
1763: Royal Proclamation
1876: Indian Act
19th Century: Residential Schools
Black Canadians
Black Canadians
1834 and the Abolition of Slavery Act
- Underground Railroad
- Nova Scotia
- Africville
- they built the roads and infrastructure
- kicked out in about 1965
- Immigration Reform
- introduction of work visa
- seasonal agricultural worker
- domestic worker program
- Equal but Separated
- residential segregation
- occupational segregation
- Black People in BC
- city counsellor Miffin Gibbs (1823-1915) - first black mayor in BC
- even he was denied entry causing him to go back to US
- denial of access to white only events
- Pig War of San Juan Island
Asian Canadians
Asian Canadians
Chinese Canadians
- Canadian Pacific Railway - built on the blood of Chinese immigrants (600 died)
- Chinese worker was valued as 1/3 to 1/4 of other workers - payment
- dangerous tasks or unwanted to tasks
Japanese Canadians
- 1887 - Issei were the first wave of Japanese immigrant
- mostly men
- 1907 - migration policy change for Japanese immigrant
- immigration restriction on Japanese men
- eventual family reunion
South Asians
- 1904 - first wave of South Asian, who were only Indian Sikh
- 1908 – the second wave of south Asian migration (90% Indian Sikh )
-
Orientalist stereotypes and lack of suitability to be Canadian citizens
- “unfit for full citizenship. they are so nearly allied to a servile class that they are obnoxious to a free community and dangerous to the state” CBC 2001
- took away right to vote and came back later
- Chinese (& Japanese) head tax (1885-1923)
- $50 in 1885 - a lot for the time
- made to discourage men from bringing their wives over
- led to riot in 1907 and ended it in 1923
- Japanese Internment Camps (1941-1949)
- sold Japanese properties to fund the internment camps
- result of Pearl Harbour
- South Asia’s $200 financial assets and direct ticket from India
- Komagata Maru in 1914
- because they stopped in Hong Kong - they were held for two months at BC port - then sent back to India
- must have $200 - a lot back them
- Komagata Maru in 1914
- “unfit for full citizenship. they are so nearly allied to a servile class that they are obnoxious to a free community and dangerous to the state” CBC 2001
Model Minority
Model Minority: the stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protesting the majority establishment
Intergroup Relations and the Management of Diversity
Genocide: the deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group
Expulsion: when a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or the country
- Holocaust
- began with separating them into ghettos
- bad neighbourhoods with food insecurity
- world turned a blind eye
- began with separating them into ghettos
- Colonization of North America
- cultural genocide
- Darfur region of Sudan
- Rohingyas in Myanmar
Segregation
Segregation: The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social function
De Jure Segregation: segregation that is legally introduced and enforced
De Facto Segregation: segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors
Assimilation
Assimilation: the process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture
4 Criteria of Assimilation
1. Socioeconomic Status
2. Spatial Concentration
3. Language Assimilation
4. Intermarriage
Integration
- when different groups come together and shape society. It is the process by which minority groups become part of mainstream society to create a cohesive experience
Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism
- the recognition of cultural and racial diversity and of the equality of different cultures
-
Multicultural Act of 1988
- should be able to maintain their cultural identity
-
Prof. Kymlicka’s 3 Methods of Multicultural group-specific rights
-
self-government rights
- mini governments in government of Canada
- for example, Persian community has ICC
-
polyethnic rights
- cultural distinct groups have the right to express their beliefs and practices
-
Special Representation Rights
- at political level
- systematic underrepresentation of racial/ minority groups
-
self-government rights
