Race Definition Racism Theory Flashcards
Race
A special group which possess same biological inheritance and identified by their physical appearance
Dobzhansky definition of Race
A group of population which are reproductively isolated to the extent that the exchange of gene between them is absent.
According to him, race is a genetically distinct mendelian population which are neither individual nor genotype but constitute of individual who differ genetically among themselves
Always to add 3 things after defining race
1- definition of race is arbitrary in nature
2- biological differentiation of race doesn’t mean anyone race has exclusive possession of any particular gene.
3- Race has led to Racism
Racism definition
Doctrine of superiority, where one group justify the dehumanisation of another group based on their distinctive physical characteristics, and superiority is not only based on physical or biological but also political.
Racism is based on 3 things with example for each
1- purity/ superiority of blood/ skin colour - superiority of O-group in Red Indian, white supremacy
2- Mental/ Physical superiority -> Aristotle temperate and tropical theory, Alpha-Beta score during WWI
3- Cultural superiority -> Scavandian being cold, Germany warlike, Muslims terrorists.
And criticise each example
Supreme Court cases of racism
1- bhagat singh thind case for citizenship in US
2- Karma Dorjee vs union of India for NE discrimination
3 race theories
Critical race theory
Role formation theory
Systematic Race theory
how as Critical race theory made?
What it says?
Who are involved?
Examine society and culture as they relate categorisation of race, law and power.
Talked about white supremacy and racial power maintained over time and role of law.
Mari Matsuda and William kimberley
socy and cult were in relation with their categories
Role formation theory
1994, Michael Omi
Look race as socially constructed identity, where importance of racial categories are determined by social, economic and political power.
(SCIence[socially constructed Identity] & imp of race)
Systematic race theory
2006, Joe Feagin
Seen system of racial oppression and how it was created and sustained intently by white Americans.
Examine how social institutions has been throughly pervaded by stereotypes, framing ideas, Images and practices.
3 critics to racism
Richard Lewontin-> compared genetic variation within the populationand found 70% variations exist among the group.
Francis Collin->
Genetic variation is only 1-3% and it don’t support social classification of race.
Ashley Montagu->
“Man most dangerous Myth: fallacy of race” (1942) -> stated race is a social myth. And in “UN Statement on Race 1950” made powerful argument and stated race has no scientific validity.
UNESCO Declaration-> all belong to homo sapien sapien and there are some differences in physical anatomy but it’s due to general or physical conditions of environment but it don’t amount to superiority of one to another.
Morphological traits has two parts Mophometric traits and morphoscopic traits.
Mophometric trait: Cephylic index
Do bade bade b—b afircan
Dolico cephylic
Mast mast indian
Mesati cephylic
Bra-chy cephylic monogolian dont need it even
Name Other morphometric traits.
Cranial index
Facial Index-> (Euryproscopic-{small) Mesoproscopic-{medium} Leptoproscopic-{large}
Nasal Index-> ({flat}platyrrhine= flat and broad for warm air to cool; leptorrhine= narrow, to warm cold air)
Difference in morphometric and morphoscopic
Metric-> non-adaptive and least influenced by environment.
Hereditary.
Statistical analysis available
Scopic->
Observable in nature.
Environmental and less hereditary
Morphoscopic traits
Skin colour- melanin and slant sunlight ; oxidation of blood.
Lucoderm(co-co)- cucosoid, xanthoderm- mongoloid and melanoderm(melanin-mela)- negroid.
Hair texture- coarse, medium, fine
Hair colour- blonde to brown (cucosoid) brown to brown-black (mongloid) brown-black to black (negroid)
Eye shape- epicanthic fold Eye colour- due to pigment in iris. Blue to brown black cucosoid Brown-black to black negroid Light brown to dark brown mongloid
3 types of Genetic factors
Serological
Non-serological
Genetic variation
Serological example
ABO- 62% O, A 21%, B 16%
MNS- M is highest in US,arab, SE asia
Hb system- 100 varients but only 4 prominant:
Hbs(tropical region); Hbd(PN,Gj); Hbc(East of Africa); Hbe(SE Asia)
HLA system: human lukosite Antigen
WBC, typical to human immune response system, Bacterial disease.
Non-serological example
Secretory cell like: sweat(cuco-most, negroid-least); saliva(PTC test: cuco most, negroid least) and tears
DNA variants
SNPs (single Nuclio-type Polymorphism)
RFLP (Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism)
VNTR (variable number tander repeat)
Dermatolography
Dermatologrpahy
Name. Whorl. Loop. Arch
Mongloid-(40-50) (50-60) (1-2)
Cucosoid-(20-30) (60-70) (4-7)
Negroid-(<30) (50-60) (6-7)
3 types of races or Racial Discrimination
Caucosoid
Mongoloid
Negroid
3 types of Caucosoid
Archiac
Primary
Secondary/Derived
Archiac Caucosoid
3 Types
Ainu: Japan
Australoid: Australia
Pre-Dravidian
Vedda: Shillong of Sri Lanka
Primary Caucasoid
Alpine: SE Europe
Armenoid: Armenia
Mediterranean: West of British Isle
Nordic: NW Europe
(Whole of Europe)
Secondary/Derived Caucosoid
Dinaric: Armenoid + Nordic (DI.A.NO)
East Baltic: Nordic + Alpine + Asian Mongoloid. (ne East Baltic ka N.A.As kr diya)
Polynesian: Asiatic mongoloid + Oceanic negroid + Mediterranean (Comb of all three)
Mongoloid 3 types
Asiatic: Least Mixed; Chinese, Mongolese
Indonesian-Malaya: Predominantly Mongoloid but trait of Negroid/ Caucosoid
American Indian: Predominantly Mongoloid but trait of Negroid/Caucosoid/ Australoid
Negroid 2 types and sub types
Primary
Derived
Primary Negroid
Forest Negro: Congo basin, Native west Africa
Negrito: Andaman Islander, Indonesian
Derived Negroid
Bushmen Hottentot: Negrito + Mongoloid
Nelotic Negro: Early Mediterranean + Forest Negro
Oceanic Negro: Archiac Negro + Mongoloid
(Bush. mey MoNa. Narotic(nelotic) forest(negro) se la kar British (mediterranean) ko bech rahi thi)
Race Crossing Definition
Mixing of 2 different group of population.
1st race crossing 1st scientific study by? in? Name?
Other two studies? and what they say?
C.B. Davenport in Jamaica.
Book: Heredity in relation to Eugenics(1911) regarding producing fittest gene (Heredity ki gf eugenic)
“The effect of race intermingling” (1917) stated that every individual is an adaptation to environment.
“Race crossing in Jamaica” (1928) talk about occurrence of dis-harmonic characteristics in races. small body organs and large body. Small teeth with large gaps or overcrowding of teeth. Small body with large circulating apparatus.
Critics of Race crossing example
Done by? When? Observation?
In Tahiti (1789): 8 English-men had came to the Island left 6 child Later Beechy: study found F1 were taller 177 cm and originals were 170 cm. Also, original reproductive rate declined, hybrid it increased as the family size increased in hybrid 3rd generation from 4 to 9.
Dobzhansky and? What they said about RC?
Dobzhansky and Leslie C. Dunn: “Hereditary, Race and Society” (1946) Stated RC contrary to opinion is not bio-dangerous. And mixing of closely related races may even lead to increase vigor and There is no basis to accept the widespread believe that human race hybrid are inferior to both, their parent is constitutionally unbalanced.
HaRSh = Heredity, Race and Society (1946)
UNESCO statement on Race?
RC @ worse is biologically neutral and that races were alike in heredity and mental trait.
Example of RC in races
Alpine is probably biphylitic in origin and have neanderthal and sapien history, and then separation occurred.
Conclusion of RC
Nordik and Alpine: High incidences of genius
With hybrid, high vigor occurs in races.
Harkovits: RC doesn’t itself make for either good or evil results.
