Race and Young People

Question 1

Racism

Answer 1

systems of oppression that violate rights of individuals and groups based on their race, ethnicity or even social class

Question 2

Bonilla-Silva (1996)

Answer 2

1. racial practices that reproduces racial inequality in the US are hidden and embedded in normal operations of insitutions
2. these practices avoid racist terminology and are basically invisible to most white people
3. Practices that restrict or target ‘certain people’ creating room for strain and labelling.

Question 3

Risk Assessment

Answer 3

Risk Assessment instruments are often used to link race, class and criminality. However, not overtly

Question 4

Harcourt (2015)

Answer 4

1. According to Harcourt (2015), nationality, race and religion have become staples in prediction research.
2. using instruments of research such as risk assessments, it allows for the absolvement of any obvious bias or prejudice

Question 5

Goldberg (2015)

Answer 5

1. Goldberg (2015) describes it as technologies of racial governance in a ‘postracial’ world. Race is removed from the visible techniques of governance but continues to operate silently
2. We have moved from an explicity racialised world into one where there is a subtle but felt racist and classist perspective in policies and institutions.
3. this highlights the issues in surveillance, supervision and incarceration.

Question 6

“Whiteness”

Answer 6

1. Racism is rooted in risk assessments because it embodies all of the assumptions of “Whiteness”
2. it is designed by the white and upper-middle class and so it is biased towards this group of people.

Question 7

Lombrosian Idea

Answer 7

1. this highlights a Lombrosian idea of discriminating against people based on their features that pose a ‘risk’ for crime.
2. the expectation of a law-abiding citizen is based on the white and upper-middle class, and so, if a young person doesn’t fit within this idea, then they are a ‘risk’

Question 8

Certain Characteristics

Answer 8

1. Certain characteristics makes someone more likely to be an offender and because of institutional racism, being black, or any ethnicity apart from white, is a characteristic of an offender and therefore a risk.
2. this perpetuates labelling youths as uncooperative and deviant in some way.

Question 9

Case Study - Holly et al 2006

Answer 9

1. a case study done by Holly et al 2006 researched to see if race or class bias impacts the treatment of youth in the US youth justice system
2. the main findings of this study were that the majority of youth perceived that youth are subject to racism and classism within the youth justice system.

Question 10

Netherlands

Answer 10

1. In the Netherlands, there has been legislation that increased police powers in terms of moving people on.
2. this legislation prevented young people from hanging around in groups and it impacted minority migrant groups way more than non-migrant groups
3. this highlights the idea of overpolicing even seen in other countries

Question 11

Italy

Answer 11

1. In Italy, there is probation legislation called Messa Alla Prova
2. the probation under this legislation is not culturally applicable to non-Italian youths.
3. it seems to be only available to Italian youths and therefore, putting a stigma and stereotype on non-Italian youths.