Race and Rights in Contemporary US Politics

Question 1

Equal voting rights

Answer 1

Civil rights laws have given ethnic minorities the right to vote. The 1965 Voting Rights Act.
The re-authorisation of the Voting Rights Act under President George W. Bush in 2006.
Voter turnout among African American voters has increased in recent years.
In the 2012 presidential election, 62% of eligible black voters turned out to vote compared to 50% in 1980.

Question 2

Failings of equal voting rights

Answer 2

Many African Americans have lost their right to vote because of past criminal convictions compared to other Americans. In the 2016 election, 26.1% of African-American voters in Kentucky were not able to vote because of previous criminal offences. Photo ID requirements for voters were introduced in nine states in 2016 which a disproportionate number of African-Americans do not have.

Question 3

Representation: Congress

Answer 3

Racial minorities have looked to improve representation across the executive and Congress. Racial diversity and representation in Congress have increased in recent years with the 115th Congress from 2017-2019 the most racially diverse, with 52 African American members and 45 Hispanic members.

Question 4

Representation: Executive

Answer 4

In 2008 Barack Obama became the first African-American president. Few racial minorities stand as presidential candidates.
In 2016 only three of 23 presidential candidates were from racial minority groups. The cabinet became more racially diverse under President Obama. Obama’s 2009 cabinet was the most racially diverse ever with one African-American member, two Hispanics and two Chinese-Americans.
Under President Trump, the cabinet is less diverse.

Question 5

Affirmative action

Answer 5

Affirmative action is a programme of favouring disadvantaged minorities in areas such as employment and higher education.
Quotas are used to give a percentage of places in employment and education to disadvantaged minority groups. Supreme Court cases on affirmative action have impacted its use in America. Gratz v Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v Bollinger (2003) rulings meant that universities can help racial minority applicants but must account for each applicant’s ability first.

Question 6

Affirmative action advantages

Answer 6

Affirmative action rights the previous wrongs of American society. Affirmative action gives minorities access to areas of employment and education. Increases diversity and multiculturalism. Promotes racial tolerance across the education system because it means there are more diverse students.

Question 7

Affirmative action disadvantages

Answer 7

By advantaging certain minority groups, other citizens may be disadvantaged. This has increased negative perceptions of affirmative action. Some may consider this to be ‘reverse discrimination’. Affirmative action is based on race and so maintains race’s importance in society, which promotes prejudice. Affirmative action suggests that minorities need help to succeed, which undermines their achievement.