Race Flashcards
Alba, Insolera, and Lindeman 2016 – Is Race really so Fluid?
The authors test Saperstein and Penner’s claims and find different results. They use sample weights, which reduces the effects. They use an HLM model and predict racial identities by the same mechanism. Most effects are form Hispanics and the ambiguities S&P find are due to survey changes.
Portes and Zhou 1993 – Segmented Assimilation
Rather than one outcome, assimilation has three: upward, downward, and maintain ethnic culture to improve conditions. The process depends on skin color, geographic location, and opportunities for mobility. Race is developed structurally and experienced relationally.
Bonilla-Silva 2006 – From bi to tri racial
Tri-racial patterns are forming and evidence is seen through interracial marriage, educaiton outcomes, and occupational satus outcomes. Whites are changing the system bc of future demographic changes where they won’t be the majority.
Brubaker 2009 – Ethnicity, Race, and Nationalism
People differentiate ethnicity, race, and nationalism through cateogization and membersip, social organizaiton, and politics. There are two camps: processual and cognitives. Processual tries to understand bounadires in the histories they exist, but understand the concepts in a macro lens. They focus on how exogenous processes influence group dynamics. Cognitive focuses on how people perceive boundaries and use them to make everyday decisions.
Brubaker, Loveman, and Stamatov 2004 – Ethnicity as Cognition
Cognitive (social constructionist) perspectives contribute to resarch on race, ethnicity and nationalism by categorization and heuristics, Tajfel and Turner highlihght how people show an in-group bias and an accentuatation effect where people perceive greater differences between roups than really exist. How are categories developed and maintained?
Carter 2006 – Straddling Boundaries: Identity, Culture, and School
Tests the “acting white” hypothesis using a survey of low-income families in NYC and interviews. Survey finds minority students value education but are skeptical of opportunity for social mobility. Qualitative interviews finds 3 groups: cultural mainstreamers, straddlers, and noncompliant believers. They investigate four dimensions of acting white: language, cultural styles, meanings of group solidarity, and interracial dynamics. Author recommends integrating upper-level coursework.
Clayton 2020 – Biracial identity development at HW and HBCU
49 longitudinal interviews with biracial students at HB and HWCUs to examine whether/how identity changes during college. At both places, students were more likely to identify as black although reasons differed. At HBCUs, students learned about racial patterns and had black friends. At HWCUs, racism left students feeling ostracized. Greek systems were parituclarly bad. Mnority clubs supported black identities.
DaCosta 2020 – Multiracial categorization, identiity, and policy in (mixed) racial formations
Multiculturalism can either be considered an identity or community, the demographic changes we expect with it, amalgamation, hypodescendancy, and political bliefs. Intermarriage doesn’t necessarily dissolve interethnic boundaries, as some mixed race groups continue to experience racism dpeneding on their category (blacks experience more).
Dow 2019 – Mothering While Black: Boundaries and burdens of Middle-Class Parenthood
Intensive mothering and separate spheres have typically been central to white feminism. Dow finds three types of black mothers: border crossers, border transcenders, and border policers. So similar to all other theories like this. These typically rely on a combination of race and class – only transcenders find multiracial valuable. Study is with 60 Bay Area moms – ethnography. black women value work and home, unlike some in Hochschild.
Duncan and Trejo 2018 – Identifying Later-Generation Descendants of US immigrants: Issues Arising from Selective Ethnic Attrition
Ethnic attrition across census waves of the Current Population Survey. Ethnic attrition occurs for Hispanics and Asian and it correlates with SES/education. Higher SES leads to less Hispanic and lower education leads to less Asian. Typically, households have non-ethnic ancestry.
Feagin and Elias 2013 – Rethinking Racial Formation Theory
O&W don’t say the words oppression and white-elite enough in their theory. The authors don’t account for the agency of minorities. They push a systemic racism theory, which argues that white elites control and manipulate racial environments.
Flores and Schachter 2018 – Who are the “Illegals?” Social construction of Illegality
An experiment tests whether “social illegality” exists. They ask respondents whether they assume someone is illegal and whether they would call the authorities. They test: ethnicity, government benefits, criminality, occupation, age, gender, and education. Latin Americans, Syrians, and Somalians are most likely to be suspected. Informal labor is suspicious. Violent and immigrant crimes increase suspicion. Government benefit has no effect until you split by democrat-republican. Language use predicts it and education. Young people suspected more often. Four types of illegality: full citizen, hidden illegality, social illegality, and full illegality. Social illegality resembles racial stereotypes.
Kao and Thompson 2003 – Racial and Ethnic Stratification in Educational Achievement and Attainment
Hispanic, black, and Native American students have worse educational outcomes than whites and Asians.
Kramer, DeFina, and Hannon 2016 – Racial Rigidity in the United States
Using a simulation analysis, authors show that the results S&P find could be due to measurement error. They prove that S&P’s causal claims are faulty using their own analyses. S&P shouldn’t make causal claims from a regression.
Liebler 2004 – Ties on the Fringes of Identity
Do storng or weak ties influence children’s from mixed-race parents identity? Census Microdata PUMS from 1990 to test whether identification is influenced by whether AI parents report a tribe, speak AI language at home, and whether they live in a metro area. The racial make-up of a community predicts the race one chooses, if the community is poor then that person is more likely to choose American Indian, but strong ties (language use) also predicts AI. Weak ties (metro area) predicts white.
