Race

Question 1

Race Documentary

Answer 1

Racism: A History - 2007 BBC Four Documentary

Question 2

Anderson and Perrin (2008)

Answer 2

Australian Aboriginals, Polygenism

Question 3

Fullwiley (2007) US Pharmacy

Answer 3

• Contemporary US trend individualise medicine - new debates biological basis race
• how much importance attribute racial difference in drug/disease susceptibility
• uneven tests
• issues ancestory

Question 4

Saldanha (2006) phenotype

Answer 4

• materialist ontology race - race embodied, material event, machine assemblage
• race often seen problem language, representation
• Fanon black body in binary classification defined white man - what mean produced discourse - language mediates consciousness and body
• Butler argues no anatomy or phenotype unless invoked signification, discourses gender/race - how signification impact materiality - need see bodies as productive in own right - fanon’s phenotype not all performed by boy’s exclamation
• frameworks race been conceived tend to be biologically or socially constructivist / cultural relativism - phenotype forgotten due to pol issues - now material turn
• bodies are radicalised, nobody has a race
• whatmore (2002) might call race more-than-human - irreducible to either biology or culture
• assemblage - includes biological and nonhuman forces - still needs exploring
• idea of what race can be
• need social sciences engage reality phenotype - need understand race really is to dismantle systemic violence

Question 5

Saldanha (2011) race concept

Answer 5

• race seen not big deal - not colonialism anymore - but reality racial inequality very real
• necessary study phenotype - racism still structures humanity, need tackle material inequalities
• migration one globalising process racial implications
• EU fortress response asylum seekers is based on defining Europe as white - security obsession since 9/11 - racial profiling in surveillance tech - also more subtle racism eastern europeans in west
• racial division labour USA - Hurricane Katrina
• CC - african americans and latinos will suffer disproportionately - env justice
• globalisation uneven racial impacts
• physical variation human bodies inseparable from what cultural practices do to them - health linked place in capitalist system - had say where Biology ends/ culture begins
• biological perspective human species (eg. comes health/drugs) has to include culture, history, econ globalisation - can’t reduce biology
• race as idea, social construction - unpacking leads qs reality vs language - race also constructed material reality - not just bodies but trade, migration, slavery
• race irreducible - always more than genetics - dismantling racism still necessary

Question 6

Staszak (2015)

Answer 6

Baker and Wong Exoticisation

Question 7

Winlow (2006)

Answer 7

Ripley’s Mapping Race

Question 8

Askins (2009)

Answer 8

Ethnicity and Rurality

Question 9

Sperb (2008)

Answer 9

Detroit Nostalgia

Question 10

Bramwell and Butterworth (2019)

Answer 10

RAP

Question 11

Chen (2011)

Answer 11

Yellow Peril Consumerism - lead toys China/US

Question 12

Hanser (2012)

Answer 12

Yellow Peril Consumerism - lead toys China/US

Question 13

Woods (2020)

Answer 13

Grime

Question 14

Duruz (2011)

Answer 14

Food Ethnic Neighbourhoods

Question 15

Goodman et al (2017)

Answer 15

Biopolitics eating Jamie Oliver, celeb chefs

Question 16

Grey and Newman (2018) indigenous culinary colonialism

Answer 16

• cuisine lens look at multiculturalism and indigenous food sovereignty
• multicultural inclusion as way indigenous gastronomies are commodified and alienated - culinary colonialism.
• gastronomy new frontier - culinary colonialism as extension settler jurisdiction over / exploitation indigenous gastronomy
• destruction indigenous food systems, followed forced assimilation settler consumption, gentrify indigenous cuisine for opressors
• commodification indigenous food, narrative ‘authentic’ cuisine
• CASE STUDY PERU - multicultural not acknowledged till 90s, multiculturalism system managed inclusion - recent incorporation indigenous foods national cuisine - long tradition outward influence like jerky - food Lima becoming tourist point - seek indigenous ingredients, fusion dishes - indigenous foods saved dirtiness by celeb chefs, into elevated gastronomy
• CASE STUDY CANADA salmon - general selling indigenous culture

Question 17

Hall (1981)

Answer 17

“Instead of thinking that confronting the questions of race is some sort of moral intellectual academic duty which white people with good feelings do for blacks, one has to remember that the issue of race provides one of the most important ways of understanding how this society actually works and how it has arrived where it is”

Question 18

Carter et al (1993)

Answer 18

‘The presumed certainties of cultural identity, firmly located in particular places which housed stable cohesive communities of shared tradition and perspective, though never a reality for some, were increasingly displaced and disrupted for all.’

Question 19

Peach (2002)

Answer 19

“One of the consequences of the fashion for postmodernism in human geography is that cultural geography, with its emphases on hybridity, in-betweenness and flexibility, has claimed the epithet of ‘new’ while social geography, with its engagement in the ‘real’ world, with numbers and census categories, seems to have become, by default, ‘the old’.
New cultural geography teaches that everything is nuanced, plastic and fluid, so that the analysis of census-given ethnic and racialized categories may be represented as static and empiricist. However, what social geography does is crucial if we are not to be complacent in the face of injustices.”

Question 20

Fanon (1952) Black Skin, White Masks

Answer 20

• Black man has “no ontological resistance”
• The child interjecting “Look mama, A Negro” fixes Fanon in epistemology, forecloses other identities and possibilities
• Interpellation of subjects - identity created by society call and response
• no essence of blackness
• race = white epistemology
• creation of blackness as a fact is also creation black bodies and lives

Question 21

Mbembe (2017)

Answer 21

“Considering race as a simple “appearance” is not enough. Race is not only a regulating fiction, nor merely a more or less coherent group of truths and non-truths. The power of race derives precisely from the fact that, in racist conscience, appearance is taken as the true reality of things. In other words, appearance is not the opposite of reality. ”

Question 22

Mbembe (2017)

Answer 22

“Considering race as a simple “appearance” is not enough. Race is not only a regulating fiction, nor merely a more or less coherent group of truths and non-truths. The power of race derives precisely from the fact that, in racist conscience, appearance is taken as the true reality of things. In other words, appearance is not the opposite of reality.”

Question 23

Case Study Space and Identity, territorial marking

Answer 23

• San Francisco China town largest N America - now commercialised - started ghetto, grew chinese identity
• urban friction Little Italy and China Town next edge other, distinct edges marked flags painted etc

Question 24

Saldanha Quotes
2006
2009

Answer 24

• Movement, smell, phenotype, practice and tendency within particular spaces, in combination with certain material objects, separate and connect bodies, creating race and racism
• Race is ‘a complex assemblage of phenotypes and environments rearranged by colonialism and capitalism’

Question 25

Wise (2011)

Answer 25

• ethnic food ‘strongly’ or ‘weakly’ fragrant

Question 26

Rokem and Vaughan (2019)

Answer 26

Ethnic segregation Stockholm
- million home project 50s/60s Sweden - workers home by state better heating provision - swedes left peripheral estates, lot immigration - asylum dispersal - towns quotas refugees - people migrate back warmer, big cities

Question 27

Klein (1993)

Answer 27

Sweden - fences, fertilisers, foreigners

• allotments - values/identities - swedes see migrants as graves - max food production vs relaxation and food swedes - cultivation difference
• territorial marking
• multi-cropping/chemicals
• sustainable crops white swede vs fertilisers try grow ethnic food for market in european climate - enactment ethnicity

Question 28

Sivanandan (2008)

Answer 28

“Poverty pushed us out of out countries, and prosperity pulled us into Britain. Hence the stereotype that we were lazy, feckless people who were on the make…. But what wasn’t said was that it was colonialism that both impoverished us and enriched Britain. Quite simply we came to Britain (and not to Germany for instance) because we were occupied by Britain. Colonialism and immigration are part of the same continuum – we are here because you were there”

• identity cultural bastard - mixed identity ethnically, religiously, lived slum but also part city / capital - diff sides family parents

Question 29

Examples

Answer 29

• Musical rise - blues vs country US, rise jazz, rap
• Carnivals - St Pauls - founded 1968 Bristol (long history black presence due slave trade/port) - afro-caribbean culture, 2012 cancelled due changes root - organisation committee vs grassroots focus black heritage
• Jackson passing as white
• Afrofuturism
• UK grime
• Goa rave tourism - locals mix tourists - Saldanha (2005) “when it starts getting lighter in the east, the social force of the morning phase becomes literally apparent as the Indians leave the dancefloor and the white tourists gradually take over the party. By the time the first rays of sun pierce through the coconut trees, the dancefloor has become almost entirely white.”
• culture - indians leave as dark - drunk tourists, music changes later

Question 30

Pieterse (2010)

Answer 30

‘hip‐hop’s power is its complex aesthetical sensibility that fuses affective registers, such as rage, passion, lust, critique, pleasure and desire, which, in turn, translates into political identities, and sometimes agency’

Question 31

Slocum (2008) race through corporeal fem theory

Answer 31

Minneapolis Farmers’ Market

• understanding materiality race/ race through body in market space
• embodied everyday practice and divisions shape racial geog market
• white growers generations vs Hmong immigrants 70s - 1% pop vs 40% vendors
• tourist attraction
• diverse population go market
• alternative food movement, sustainable local framing, wealthy, educated, white spaces
• race often understood social construct
• paper argues not enough talk about performance, need include body’s matter analysis
• bodies inscribed race, but also actively participate material production themselves/other bodies - bodily differences influence space market
• racial difference market is corporeal relationship growing, selling, e dating food - racial practices - produce certain plants, quality someone’s land, ideas about what is good food - bodies materially produced through what people buy, who talk to, where grow vegetables as well as phenotypic differences
• market eg whites around asparagus - racial division space based eg ideals about quality, price, packaging
• issue resellers vs growers - tend to be lower class, racial
• white more likely questions about growing practices - issues eg. Hmong misuse pesticides

Question 32

Wise (2011)

Answer 32

Australia fieldwork - multiculturalism various spaces like mall, church

• food centre much cross cultural encounters
• middle-class consumption other
• FOOD COURT - Ashfield Mall invisible in discussions diversity but in fact most culturally diverse space suburb - consumers and food - safe space consume the other - weak cultural odour - light fragrance = difference slips under radar
• green grocers also low fragrance sites food provisioning - navigable space, not outside comfort zone
• issue elderly clubs food outsourced ethnically - ashfield RSL bistro - chinese colonisation
• idea bringing a plate, across cultures issues eg halal - cultural ideas feasts
• hybrids - tikka massala