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race Flashcards

1
Q

Caucasoid

A

Caucasoid – people with pale skin and fine, often straight, sometimes light hair

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2
Q

ethnicity

A

ethnicity – a group of people who see themselves and are seen by others as having cultural traits that set them apart

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3
Q

melanin

A

melanin – naturally-occurring skin pigment that blocks UV rays from the sun

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4
Q

mongoloid

A

Mongoloid – people with yellowish skin, dark, straight hair, and distinctive eyelids

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5
Q

negroid

A

Negroid – people with dark skin and coarse, curly, dark hair

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6
Q

race

A

race – a group of people who see themselves and are seen by others as having a set of physical characteristics that set them apart as distinct

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7
Q

racial formation

A

racial formation – the process by which social, economic and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories, and by which they are in turn shaped by racial meanings.

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8
Q

dominant group

A

dominant group – group that tends to have greater access to power than other groups, regardless of its numbers

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9
Q

majority

A

majority – group that makes up more than 50% of a population

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10
Q

minoriry

A

minority – group that makes up less than 50% of the population

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11
Q

minority group

A

minority group – group with characteristics typically attributed to a lower class of citizenship, even though they may be the numeric majority

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12
Q

power

A

power – the ability to exert one’s will over others

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13
Q

white anglo saxon protestant wasp

A

White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) – white dominance in the United States

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14
Q

white privileges –

A

white privileges – advantages that whites experience because of their race

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15
Q

Bogardus social distance scale –

A

Bogardus social distance scale – presents people with a variety of relationships, each representing a closer and more intimate interaction than the last used to measure explicit racism

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16
Q

explicit racism

A

explicit racism – people are aware of their prejudices

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17
Q

Harvard Implicit Association Tests –

A

Harvard Implicit Association Tests – online tests used to measure implicit prejudice by asking people to match images with words as quickly as they can

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18
Q

implicit racism

A

implicit racism – prejudices are more subtle and subconscious

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19
Q

prejudice –

A

prejudice – the act of “pre-judging” a person or people within a group based on false notions about the group

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20
Q

affirmative action –

A

affirmative action – encourage having a workforce or student body that represents the racial diversity of the United States by equalizing opportunities for people in education and employment

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21
Q

individual racism –

A

individual racism – when a person believes that some racial groups are superior and others are inferior

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22
Q

prejudice –

A

prejudice – the act of prejudging a person based on a trait like race

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23
Q

racial profiling –

A

racial profiling – a way of using stereotypes in law enforcement that ignores individual characteristics while focusing on racial groups and often inaccurate prejudices about those racial groups

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24
Q

racism

A

racism –when people in one or more racial groups do not have access to as many life opportunities as people in other racial groups

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25
Q

stereotype threat

A

stereotype threat – when a person in a minority group is assessed for intelligence, skill, or performance, they often feel that their outcome is not just a message about their own personal abilities, but will be used as either a confirmation or denial of a prejudice about the group they belong to

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26
Q

stereotypes

A

stereotypes – rigid and exaggerated ways of representing people based on group membership that ignores their individuality

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27
Q

discrimination

A

discrimination – the act of treating people unequally based on group membership

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28
Q

ndividual discrimination –

A

ndividual discrimination – an individual act by a person as opposed to an organization or social system

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29
Q

model minority –

A

model minority – the ease with which some groups assimilated into the dominant culture

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30
Q

prejudice –

A

rejudice – an attitude toward a person because of their membership in a given group (such as a racial group)

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31
Q

reserve labor force –

A

reserve labor force – group of unemployed workers desperate for work

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32
Q

split labor market

A

split labor market – when discrimination causes people of one race to be mostly located in one kind of job

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33
Q

institutionalized discrimination –

A

institutionalized discrimination – when discrimination is part of social structures

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34
Q

institutionalized racism –

A

institutionalized racism – a specific kind of institutional discrimination, refers to policies and procedures that are embedded in social institutions that result in unequal outcomes for people in different racial groups

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35
Q

authoritarian personality –

A

authoritarian personality – people who are willing to be submissive to authority figures, who see issues as either right or wrong, and who are uncomfortable with ambiguity are also more likely to be highly prejudiced

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36
Q

conflict theory –

A

conflict theory – prejudice and discrimination happen when people compete over scarce resources such as jobs, education, access to power or housing

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37
Q

cultural theory of prejudice (symbolic racism) –

A

cultural theory of prejudice (symbolic racism) – when prejudice is built into the values and norms of a society

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38
Q

scapegoating

A

scapegoating – unfairly blame groups for social problems

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39
Q

selective perception –

A

selective perception – a social psychological process in which individuals tend to only see some parts of a situation, while not seeing others

40
Q

racial groups

A

racial groups – the groups commonly recognized as races

41
Q

Anglo-conformity

A

Anglo-conformity – assimilation in the U.S. culture

42
Q

apartheid

A

apartheid – a type of de jure segregation formerly present in South Africa

43
Q

assimilate

A

assimilate – merge

44
Q

colonialism –

A

colonialism – the process of militarily occupying nations in order to access their resources and extract profit from their country

45
Q

contact hypothesis

A

contact hypothesis – sociologists hypothesize that if people get to know members of a different racial group as neighbors, colleagues, and friends, they are less likely to harbor stereotypes and prejudices against that group

46
Q

de facto segregation –

A

de facto segregation – informal practices and indirect policies that encourage separation between racial groups

47
Q

de jure segregation

A

de jure segregation – explicit laws enforce separation between racial groups

48
Q

expulsion (population transfer) –

A

expulsion (population transfer) – forcibly move a group of people out of one geographic area and into another

49
Q

genocide –

A

genocide – one racial group attempts to kill off all people in another racial group

50
Q

hypersegregation

A

hypersegregation – areas where one racial group is separated from other racial groups

51
Q

internal colonialism

A

internal colonialism – a dominant racial group benefits or extracts profits from a racial imbalance within a country

52
Q

melting pot assimilation

A

melting pot assimilation – groups of people merge together

53
Q

miscegenation –

A

miscegenation – interracial marriage

54
Q

multiculturalism –

A

multiculturalism – accommodation of diverse cultures

55
Q

pluralism

A

pluralism – multiple cultures co-exist together in society and minority cultures can participate fully in social opportunities

56
Q

residential segregation –

A

residential segregation – distinct areas where people of different racial groups live

57
Q
  1. According to sociologists, a race is a group of people who ______________.
    A)are innately superior or inferior to others
    B)see themselves and are seen by others as having a set of physical characteristics that set them apart as distinct
    C)share a set of key genetic traits that can be used to classify them as Caucasoid, Negroid or Mongoloid
    D)share a skin color and facial features
A

B)see themselves and are seen by others as having a set of physical characteristics that set them apart as distinct

58
Q
  1. According to sociologists, an ethnic group is a group of people who __________________.
    A)are all descended from the same geographic area
    B)are the same race because race and ethnicity are interchangeable terms
    C)have similar skin color and hair texture
    D)see themselves and are seen by others as having a set of cultural characteristics that set them apart as distinct
  2. W
A

D)see themselves and are seen by others as having a set of cultural characteristics that set them apart as distinct

59
Q
  1. When sociologists say that “race is socially constructed,” they mean that race is _______________.
    A)a cultural universal and has appeared in some form in all known human societies
    B)a historically important term that has been around since the beginning of human society
    C)a meaningless category that should be ignored
    D)important because society makes it important and society defines what race means
A

D)important because society makes it important and society defines what race means

60
Q
  1. Skin color is _____________________.
    A)a marker for exposure to the sun’s rays. Groups with less exposure to the sun had to develop lighter skin in order to produce enough Vitamin D
    B)a marker for how old a society is; the older the society, the darker a group’s skin becomes
    C)a marker of exposure to malaria, a disease common in the tropics. Groups with more exposure to malaria develop darker skin as a defense mechanism
    D)an incredibly complex trait and geneticists don’t yet fully understand which genes cause skin to be darker or lighter
A

A)a marker for exposure to the sun’s rays. Groups with less exposure to the sun had to develop lighter skin in order to produce enough Vitamin D

61
Q
  1. When the Supreme Court decided the case about Marie Phipps’ race, they determined that __________________.
    A)she could change her race on her birth certificate to match her belief that she was white
    B)she could not change her race on her birth certificate, but she could file for a “racial amendment” that would legally classify her as white
    C)the state government had to allow people to self-report their race rather that determine race according to a formula
    D)the state had a right to determine Phipps’ race as black and that she had to remain legally black
A

D)the state had a right to determine Phipps’ race as black and that she had to remain legally black

62
Q
  1. Melanin is _____________.
    A)a compound that occurs in food grown in equatorial areas
    B)a naturally-occurring molecule that transforms the sun’s rays into vitamin D
    C)a naturally-occurring skin pigment that blocks UV rays
    D)an ingredient in sunscreen that makes sunscreen more effective
A

C)a naturally-occurring skin pigment that blocks UV rays

63
Q
  1. You can tell someone’s race by _______________.
    A)genetically testing a sample of their blood
    B)looking at the kind of clothes they choose to wear and food they choose to eat
    C)looking at their skin color
    D)using the socially-created racial definition in a particular society
A

D)using the socially-created racial definition in a particular society

64
Q
  1. You can tell someone’s ethnicity by _______________.
    A)genetically testing a sample of their blood
    B)looking at characteristics such as the clothes they wear and food they eat
    C)looking at their skin color
    D)using the socially-created racial definition in a particular society
A

B)looking at characteristics such as the clothes they wear and food they eat

65
Q 
1. Which one of the following percentages of genetic variation does Joseph Graves claim is present in humans?
A)2
B)8
C)18
D)20
A

A)2

66
Q 
2. According to Abby Ferber, the idea of race is about how many years old?
A)50
B)100
C)400
D)1000
A

C)400

67
Q
  1. Racial formation is the process of _________________________.
    A)denying racial importance
    B)fighting for civil rights of all people
    C)finding racial differences and researching them
    D)social institutions shaping and being shaped by racial categories
A

D)social institutions shaping and being shaped by racial categories

68
Q
  1. When Brodkin talks about Jews “becoming white,” what she means is that Jewish people _____________________.
    A)initially wanted to be seen as a separate group so that they could preserve their culture, but eventually chose to assimilate
    B)used to have darker skin, but over time evolved to have a lighter complexion
    C)used to live in Middle Eastern areas of the world and weren’t considered white until some of them moved to Europe
    D)were once believed to be a non-white, European race but, after joining the middle class, came to be seen as white
A

D)were once believed to be a non-white, European race but, after joining the middle class, came to be seen as white

69
Q
  1. The fact that racial categories and ways of assigning race vary between societies is evidence that ___________________.
    A)people’s skin color can vary based on things like diet and lifestyle
    B)race is socially constructed
    C)race should be ignored as a category
    D)societies use different kinds of genetic tests
A

B)race is socially constructed

70
Q 
6. In 2008, South Africa declared that people of Chinese descent were officially \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A)Asian
B)black
C)indigenous
D)white
A

B)black

71
Q
  1. In the United States, someone with one thirty-secondth African Ancestry would be considered _________________.
    A)black because of the one-drop rule
    B)black in some states, but not in others
    C)multi-racial because they have a mix of ancestry
    D)white because they are mostly white
A

B)black in some states, but not in others

72
Q
  1. When sociologists say that “race is socially constructed,” they mean that race is _______________.
    A)a genetic category that can be determined through biological testing
    B)a meaningless category that should be ignored
    C)a social, legal, and political creation that varies between societies
    D)determined in the same way in all human societies
A

C)a social, legal, and political creation that varies between societies

73
Q 
1. According to Bertrand and Mullainathan, the writers of resumes with “white-sounding” names were offered interviews \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ than resumes with “black-sounding” names.
A)25% less often
B)25% more often
C)50% less often
D)50% more often
A

D)50% more often

74
Q 
2. A group that makes up more than 50% of the population is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A)a majority
B)a minority
C)a plurality
D)an ethnicity
A

A)a majority

75
Q 
3. When researchers compare families who make the same income, they find that the wealth of black families is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as white families.
A)about the same
B)half as much
C)one quarter as much
D)twice as much
A

B)half as much

76
Q 
4. A dominant group is the group that has which one of the following characteristics?
A)Greatest access to power
B)Largest plurality
C)Numeric majority
D)Smallest minority
A

A)Greatest access to power

77
Q
  1. White Afrikaners were considered the dominant racial group during Apartheid in South Africa because they ___________________.
    A)created laws that gave them more power
    B)occupied a more resource-rich area of the country
    C)outnumbered the black African population
    D)were from Europe
A

A)created laws that gave them more power

78
Q 
6. What does W.A.S.P. stand for?
A)War Against Separatist Policies
B)White Anglo Saxon Protestant
C)Widowed And Socially Protected
D)Without Any Sociological Parameters
A

B)White Anglo Saxon Protestant

79
Q 
7. Definitions regarding which groups are considered “white” in the U.S. have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ since the founding of the United States.
A)become more inclusive
B)become more restrictive
C)never included the Irish
D)stayed the same
A

A)become more inclusive

80
Q
  1. Which one of the following privileges did Peggy McIntosh write about having because of her race?
    A)Being able to go shopping without being harassed or followed in the store
    B)Being able to hire people to help with her yardwork and household chores
    C)Living in a house large enough to hold her entire family and house guests
    D)Making a higher salary
A

A)Being able to go shopping without being harassed or followed in the store

81
Q 
9. According to the Pew Research Study referenced in this section, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the African American respondents felt like they experienced discrimination in the housing and job markets.
A)all
B)few
C)most
D)none
A

C)most

82
Q
  1. Which one of the following best defines prejudice?
    A)A set of beliefs based in religious or ethical doctrine.
    B)A set of common beliefs about a group of people.
    C)A way of behaving that discriminates against someone based on race.
    D)A way of prejudging someone based on stereotypes.
A

D)A way of prejudging someone based on stereotypes.

83
Q
  1. Racial prejudice is difficult to measure for which one of the following reasons?
    A)Asking people about prejudice makes questionnaires automatically biased.
    B)People are hesitant to admit that they are racist today.
    C)Prejudice isn’t a well-understood phenomenon.
    D)Sociologists avoid asking people about their opinions.
A

B)People are hesitant to admit that they are racist today.

84
Q 
3. The Bogardus social distance scale was developed to measure \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A)explicit prejudice
B)implicit prejudice
C)opinions
D)stereotypes
A

A)explicit prejudice

85
Q 
4. The Harvard Implicit Association Tests are designed to measure \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A)discriminatory behavior
B)implicit, or subconscious, prejudice
C)legal discrimination
D)overt racism
A

B)implicit, or subconscious, prejudice

86
Q
  1. If sociologists wanted to measure someone’s explicit prejudices, they would most likely do which one of the following?
    A)administer the Harvard Implicit Association Tests
    B)ask the respondent if they were racist
    C)observe them in a natural setting
    D)use the Bogardus social distance scale
A

D)use the Bogardus social distance scale

87
Q
  1. If a sociologist wanted to measure someone’s implicit prejudices, they would most likely _________________________.
    A)administer the Harvard Implicit Association Tests
    B)ask the respondent if they were racist
    C)observe them in a natural setting
    D)use the Bogardus social distance scale
A

A)administer the Harvard Implicit Association Tests

88
Q
  1. Which one of the following is a question from the Bogardus social distance scale?
    A)How many times have you discriminated against someone in the last month?
    B)On a scale from 1-10, how racist do you think this country is?
    C)What stereotypes do you have about other groups of people?
    D)Would you accept a member of this group as a citizen of your country?
A

D)Would you accept a member of this group as a citizen of your country?

89
Q
  1. Who developed the social distance scale?
    A)Beauregard G. Emory
    B)Emory Bogardus
    C)Social psychologists at Harvard University
    D)Sociologists at the University of Chicago
A

B)Emory Bogardus

90
Q
  1. Prejudice happens when someone _______________________________.
    A)allows stereotypes to affect their performance in stressful situations
    B)behaves differently toward a person based on their racial group
    C)prejudges someone based on their group membership
    D)sees someone only as a member of a group rather than as a unique individual
A

C)prejudges someone based on their group membership

91
Q 
2. Someone who is a member of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and engaging in a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ activity might experience stereotype threat.
A)a minority group; everyday
B)a minority group; stressful
C)the majority group; everyday
D)the majority group; stressful
A

B)a minority group; stressful

92
Q 
3. Stereotype threat \_\_\_\_\_\_ people’s performance in some activities.
A)extends
B)harms
C)improves
D)shortens
A

B)harms

93
Q
  1. Affirmative action programs are meant to accomplish which one of the following?
    A)Give athletes an equal chance of going to college
    B)Help minority group applicants overcome stereotypes and discrimination
    C)Keep white applicants out of jobs
    D)Privilege people from wealthy families
A

B)Help minority group applicants overcome stereotypes and discrimination

94
Q 
5. Affirmative action programs affect which percent of colleges and universities?
A)20
B)50
C)80
D)100
A

A)20

95
Q 
6. According to Michelle Alexander, 75% of people imprisoned for drug offenses are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A)18-24 years old
B)black or Latino
C)innocent
D)white
A

B)black or Latino

96
Q 
7. According to Espenshade and Chung, eliminating affirmative action programs in college and university admissions programs would increase white students’ chances of being admitted by what percent?
A)0.5
B)5
C)15
D)50
A

A)0.5

97
Q 
8. Richard Reid, the “shoe bomber,” was of which ethnicity?
A)Asian
B)British and Jamaican
C)Pakistani
D)White and Arab
A

B)British and Jamaican

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