R2103

Question 1

State what is meant by physical control and state two limitations and two benefits of this method of control

Answer 1

Physical control directly controls, destroys or blocks pest, weeds and disease or makes the environment unsuitable for it.

Benefits:

• Long lasting
• Little maintenance

Limitations:

• Some methods can be expensive
• unsafe use of equipment may cause potential hazard

Question 2

Describe one example of physical control and how risks to people and environment can be minimised

Answer 2

Barriers: Using plastic membrane to reduce weeds, must be disposed of correctly (not burnt)

Question 3

State what is meant by cultural control and state two benefits and two limitations of using this method of control

Answer 3

Cultural control involves manipulating or changing the growing environment to minimise effects of pest and disease. 
Benefits:
- Unlikely to harm beneficial organisms
-Can have long lasting effects
Limitations: 
-Can be labour intensive
-Time consuming

Question 4

Describe one example of cultural control and how risks to people and environment can be minimised.

Answer 4

Cultivation; ploughing and rotavating soils to prepare for growing crops, this improves soil structure and drainage. To minimise risks the correct guidelines should be followed for operating ploughs, rotavators and other machinery to avoid damage to humans, animals and crops.

Question 5

State what is meant by chemical control and state two benefits and two limitations of this method of control

Answer 5

Chemical control is the use of chemical substances intended to prevent or kill pests, weed and disease
Benefits:
-can be specific to pest/weed/disease problem
-Fast acting reducing problem quickly
Limitations:
-Damage to environment especially if used incorrectly
-pest and disease can build a resistance to chemicals.

Question 6

Describe one example of chemical control and how risks to people and the environment can be minimised.

Answer 6

Using herbicides: Glyphosate; wear ppe, correct knowledge of use to avoid damage to other plants and aquatic life.

Question 7

State what is meant by biological control and state two benefits and two limitations of this method of control

Answer 7

Biological control is the use of natural enemies/predators to reduce damage caused by pest and disease.
Benefits:
-No environmental damage or contamination
-Usually highly specific to a particular pest
Limitations:
-Can be expensive to start up
-May not completely remove/destroy pest problem

Question 8

Describe one example of biological control and how risks to people and the environment can be minimised

Answer 8

Introducing predatory wildlife or insects. Incorrect application of biological control can lead to severe pest problem this can be minimised by understanding both pest and predators life cycle in order to achieve reliable control

Question 9

Explain the importance of natural balance in plant protection

Answer 9

Creating natural balance helps to improve soil structure and minimise the use of harmful chemicals whilst still controlling and maintaining pest and disease. There are many ways to create natural balance; introducing wildlife and beneficial organisms, resistant and beneficial plants, good hygiene/house keeping, physical and cultural control.

Question 10

Give two examples of how beneficial organisms can be encouraged

Answer 10

Planting beneficial plants, those that attract pollinators, and larger plants which may provide cover for nesting
Creating a pond to encourage frogs and toads to help keep pest populations down.

Question 11

Give two examples of how garden practices can disturb natural balance.

Answer 11

Use of pesticides will decrease the number of beneficial organisms/natural predators, may cause damage to other plants and contaminate water sources.
Removing/ damaging areas which may have provided habitat for wildlife and insects may lead to an increase in pest populations.

Question 12

Describe two methods that can be used restore and maintain natural balances to minimise the need for pesticide.

Answer 12

Integrated pest management which combines several approaches to pest control which is effective and environmentally friendly
Introducing crop rotation to improve soil fertility and structure and reduce or stop soil erosion.

Question 13

Describe how the selection of plants can help to avoid plant problems

Answer 13

Choosing resistant cultivars may help to protect against pest and disease
Planting in suitable soil type to ensure healthy vigorous growth.

Question 14

Describe two examples of an appropriate choice of plant for named situations

Answer 14

Plants suited to shade: 
Hosta
Ferns
Plants suited to Acid soil:
Magnolia
Rhododendron

Question 15

Describe what is meant by a weed

Answer 15

A weed is a plant which is growing out of place

Question 16

Describe the problems caused by weeds

Answer 16

• Weeds are often fast growing and invasive
• Compete with other plants for light, water and nutrients
• Can be visually unappealing
• can be host to harmful pest and disease
  e. g: club root, white blister rust of Brassicaceae

-

Question 17

Describe the biology of an ephemeral weed and give two named examples

Answer 17

Ephemeral weeds have several generations during one growing season
Cardamine hirsute, Capsella bursa-pastoris

Question 18

Describe the biology of an annual weed and give two named examples

Answer 18

Annual weeds complete life cycle in one year
can multiply through their seeds
Poa annua, Veronica persica

Question 19

Describe the biology of a perennial weed and give two named examples

Answer 19

Can live for several years
spreads by both sexual and asexual means
Ranunculus repens, Aegopodium podagraria

Question 20

Describe how weeds relate to horticultural situations such as ;
recently cultivated soil
herbaceous perennial borders
Woody perennial plantings
Lawns

Answer 20

Ephemeral and annual weeds a problematic on newly cultivated soil

Ephemerals and annuals can establish themselves in herbaceous borders

Perennial weeds are likely to survive and thrive in woody borders where soil is infrequently cultivated

Perennial, annual and ephemerals are all weeds that can be problematic in lawns

Question 21

Describe how weeds can be controlled

Answer 21

Weeds are most easily controlled and maintained by the use of pesticides
Hand weeding
Knowledge of weed life cycle makes it easier to control and maintain weeds

Question 22

State what is meant by contact herbicide

Answer 22

will kill/damage any plant in touches
kills only top growth not roots
affective for annual weeds

Question 23

State what is meant by translocated herbicide

Answer 23

Absorbed by the plant and distributed around it in the sap
reaches all parts of plant
affective for perennials

Question 24

State what is meant by Selective herbicide

Answer 24

Selective herbicides or plant specific
will affect certain plants but not others
Effective for use on lawns

Question 25

Describe a situation where contact herbicide can be used appropriately

Answer 25

patios or driveways

Question 26

Describe a situation where translocated herbicides can be used appropriately

Answer 26

woody borders

Question 27

Describe a situation where selective herbicides can be used appropriately

Answer 27

lawns

Question 28

State an active ingredient in a contact herbicide

Answer 28

Acetic acid

Question 29

State an active ingredient in a translocated herbicide

Answer 29

Glyphosate

Question 30

State an active ingredient in a selective herbicide

Answer 30

Dicamba

Question 31

Explain why pest need to be controlled

Answer 31

Pests need to be controlled as they can often have a detrimental affect on plants Some pests spread harmful pathogens

Question 32

State what is meant by plant pest

Answer 32

insects and animals which have a detrimental effect on plants

Question 33

Describe the damage done by rabbits

Answer 33

Eat most tender parts of plant- leafy veg particularly at risk Strip bark from young trees which may cause death of tree

Question 34

Describe the damage done by cabbage white butterfly larvae

Answer 34

Eat leaves of brassicas can completely decimate a plant lay eggs on underside of leaves

Question 35

Describe the damage done by Black bean aphid

Answer 35

Feeds on the sap of wide range of plants new growth can be weakened and distorted Secretes honeydew which can cause fungal infection Can be responsible for spreading virus

Question 36

Describe the damage done by peach potato aphid

Answer 36

Feeds on the sap of tender, succulent plants in greenhouses new growth of plants weakened and distorted secrete honeydew which can cause fungal infection Spread virus in potato crops

Question 37

Describe the damage done by spider mite

Answer 37

attack large range of plants including fruits, vegetables and ornamentals Sucking the cell contents of a plant reducing it's capacity to photosynthesize upper surface of leaves develop yellowish mottling leaf may wither Resistance to insecticides

Question 38

Describe the damage done by Glasshouse whitefly

Answer 38

Sap sucking aphids found in greenhouses on underside of leaves breed rapidly in the warm conditions Secrete honeydew which may cause fungal infection

Question 39

Describe the damage done by vine weevil

Answer 39

Larvae of vine weevil eat root system causing slow growth and leaf wilting Lack of nutrients will cause plant to collapse and die Adult vine weevil eat irregular notches from edges of leaves

Question 40

Describe the damage done by slugs

Answer 40

Eat most parts of vegetables and herbaceous plants leaving holes in leaves and other parts of plant leave slime trails on soil and hard surfaces Will eat seeds and tubers

Question 41

Describe the damage done by Potato cyst eel worm

Answer 41

infest the roots of potatoes and tomato plants feed both internally and externally sucking out cell contents causes poor growth, yellowing/browning of leaves, severe infestation results in death of plant Cyst are swollen bodies of fertilised females and contain hundreds of eggs

Question 42

Describe method of feeding: Sap sucking/piercing

Answer 42

Sap feeding pests have needle like mouthparts which are inserted into plants in order to suck sap no visible holes in leaves many sap feeders have toxic saliva resulting in leaf distortion or discoloration Can transmit virus Pests: Black bean aphid,Peach potato aphid, spider mite, glasshouse whitefly, potato cyst eelworm

Question 43

Describe method of feeding: Chewing

Answer 43

Chewing/biting pests are those that have teeth. bite into leaves, stems buds, flowers and roots of plants Damage includes holes in leaves and stems, discoloration of foliage, severed stems and leaves and wilting Chewing pest: rabbit slugs snail vine weevil

Question 44

Describe method of feeding Rasping

Answer 44

Scrape the surface of foliage, sucking fluid from top layer of cells until all green tissue is removed, leaving only skeleton behind Rasping insects: Slugs snails mites

Question 45

Describe the method of breathing used by insects

Answer 45

Air enters respiratory system through a series of external openings called spiracles The spiracles lead to the internal respiratory system which is comprised of a dense network of tubes called tracheae The spiracle openings allow air into the tracheal system, bathing the insects tissue with oxygen Carbon dioxide is the metabolic waste which exits through the spiracle -insects can control respiration to some degree opening and closing spiracles via muscle contraction. An insect in the desert for example, will keep spiracle valves closed to prevent moisture loss

Question 46

Describe how knowledge of the life cycle of pests contribute to the success of their control

Answer 46

knowing the life cycle of a pest allows gardeners to control it at its most vulnerable point in the cycle or even avoid it all together.

Question 47

State what is meant by plant disease

Answer 47

A plant disease is a pathological condition caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses

Question 48

Describe the damage caused by grey mould and how it is spread

Answer 48

Widespread fungal disease affecting many varieties of fruit vegetables and ornamentals primarily attacks buds and fruits making them inedible Fluffy grey mould develops on the infected parts of the plant which then turn brown and rot Spread: wind, water splash, pesticides

Question 49

Describe the damage caused by strawberry powdery mildew and how it is spread

Answer 49

Leaf stems and buds coated with white powdery coating leaves may turn yellow and drop prematurely growth may be distorted Spread: spread by spores carried long distances in the wind, can overwinter on leaves of remnant plants

Question 50

Describe the damage caused by damping off and how it is spread

Answer 50

Rotting of seedlings caused by a number of fungi in the soil most veg and bedding plants are susceptible seedlings wither at base, eventually collapse and die Spread: Fungal spores live in the soil . They can be transported on garden tools and in garden soils taken into the house or greenhouse

Question 51

Describe the damage caused by honey fungus and how it is spread

Answer 51

A serious disease of woody plants and trees Likely to lead to the death of the infected plant Foliage may turn yellow brown white fungal growth develops underneath the bark at the base of the plant Spread: Black strands of fungus appear in the soil and may spread and affect other plants

Question 52

describe the damage caused by rose black spot and how it is spread

Answer 52

Dark brown patches appear on leaves and may drop prematurely plant is seriously weakened when left untreated Spread: Black spot fungus produces spores in wet conditions and can be spread by rain splash Can be passed from plant to plant on hands, clothing or tools

Question 53

Describe the damage caused by Potato blight and how it is spread

Answer 53

Most serious disease of potatoes Dark brown blotches on leaves which can be fringed with white fungus The disease can spread quickly and cause whole foliage to collapse Spread: Spreads through the air and develops in humid conditions Lives in soil for up to 4 years

Question 54

Describe the damage caused by clubroot and how it is spread

Answer 54

Roots become swollen and distorted Leaves may wilt and have red/purple tint Spread: spread by contaminated soil on plants, tools etc. Spores can rest in soil for up to 20 years.

Question 55

Describe the damage caused by hollyhock rust and how it is spread

Answer 55

Fungal infection rust takes nutrients from host plant causing general weakening of growth orange brown pustules form on underside of leaves and yellow spots form on upper surface Leaves may wither and fall prematurely Disease starts on lower leaves and spreads upwards Spread: Windborne spores and infected transplants Spores overwinter in the soil

Question 56

Describe the damage caused by apple and pear canker and how it is spread

Answer 56

Caused by fungus and mainly attacks apples and pears Bark cracks and dies increasing concentric rings leaving a marked scar Cambium layer is killed and if the canker encircles the stem then it will cause it to die Spread: Spores can move between wounds by wind, water splash, or insect.

Question 57

Describe the damage caused by Fire blight and how it is spread

Answer 57

Bacterial disease which can decimate entire orchards Affected areas appear blackened shrunken and cracked as though scorched by fire Spread: Disease can be transmitted by insects rain or wind

Question 58

Describe the damage caused by Bacterial canker on prunus and how it is spread

Answer 58

Bacterial canker affect trees of prunus bacteria exists on leaves and can enter through stomata causing infections in young leaves As leaves mature dead tissue drops out leaving holes in leaf Spread: Infection spreads from leaves to wood and causes the canker to develop

Question 59

Describe the damage caused by leaf curl virus and how it is spread

Answer 59

Virus infects potatoes and other members of solanaceae family. severe infections reduce potato yields by 50% Infection first shows in young leaves Leaf margins become necrotic turning brown/purple and curl inwards towards center of leaf Spread : The virus is primarily spread by peach potato aphid

Question 60

Describe the damage caused by tobacco mosaic virus and how it is spread

Answer 60

Virus affects a wide range of plants especially tobacco Infection causes characteristic patterns such as mosaic like mottling and discolouration on leaves Spread: Virus can overwinter on infected plants and in the soil

Question 61

State what is meant by term plant disorder

Answer 61

Disorders a plant problems not caused by pest or disease but by climate problems where a plant is growing or lack of nutrients

Question 62

Describe how plants and growth are affected by frost

Answer 62

Cells freeze- as water expands on freezing, cells become ruptured and killed Foliage is scorched and small plants may be killed Buds can be damaged or killed reducing production of flowers and fruit

Question 63

State one method of avoiding damage caused by frost

Answer 63

Provide protection such as horticultural fleece

Question 64

Describe how plants and growth are affected by Shade

Answer 64

Etiolation Long weak stems smaller sparser leaves chlorosis

Question 65

State one method of avoiding damage caused by shade

Answer 65

Choose shade tolerant varieties

Question 66

Describe how plants and growth are affected by drought

Answer 66

Foliage begins to wilt and turn brown and eventually die Some plants may run to seed Flowers and fruit may fail to set

Question 67

Describe how to avoid damage caused by drought

Answer 67

Water regularly in dry conditions

Question 68

Describe how plants and growth are affected by water logging

Answer 68

``` Oxygen cannot reach roots carbon dioxide cannot escape leaves turn yellow and start to wilt Growth may be stunted Toots may rot ```

Question 69

Describe how to avoid damage caused by waterlogging

Answer 69

Improve soil structure

Question 70

Describe how plants and growth are damaged by High/low temperature damage

Answer 70

Photosynthesis reduced and therefore plant growth reduced Persistent high temps may scorch leaves and cause drought Formation of flowers and fruit affected

Question 71

Describe how damage caused by high/low temperatures can be avoided

Answer 71

Bring plants indoors or place in heated greenhouse for colder temperatures Keep shaded during high temperature

Question 72

Describe how to avoid damage cause by soil ph

Answer 72

Modify ph value in soil

Question 73

Describe how plants and growth are damaged by fasciation

Answer 73

apical meristems become flattened and elongated | has appearance of many shoots compressed

Question 74

Describe how to avoid damage caused by fasciation

Answer 74

Avoid injury to plant bases

Question 75

Describe how plants and growth are damaged by rose balling

Answer 75

Although flower buds develop they fail to open flowers become soft and slimy flowers may drop

Question 76

Describe how to avoid damage caused by rose balling

Answer 76

Improve air circulation

Question 77

Describe two methods of avoiding the spread of virus

Answer 77

Keeping good hygiene in garden and greenhouse by cleaning tools and pots before and after use and washing greenhouse down regularly Remove and burn infected plants

Question 78

Explain how the knowledge of the life cycle of diseases contribute to the success of their control

Answer 78

Developing an understanding of the life cycle of disease enables a gardener to prevent and possibly stop the spread and development of disease on crops and ornamentals.