R1 - Practice questions for lecture1, Intro to micro scientists (ch.1) , chemistry and organic molecules (ch.2) Flashcards
What is the chemical structure of ATP?
Made out of ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups linked together
adenosine-P-P-P
reaction: ATP + H20 –> ADP + Pi + energy
What is the Function of ATP?
as energy “currency” ; stores and provides chemical energy; made out of ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphates linked together.
ATP + H20 –> ADP + Pi + energy
What is RNA?
Second kind of nucleic acid. has a variety of functions : important in helping to make proteins Has 5 carbon sugar : ribose
How is RNA Different fromDNA?
DNA is a double stranded helix
RNA is usually single stranded
DNA contains nitrogenous bases: adenin, cytosine, thymine, and guanine
RNA has uracil instead of thymine
RNA is for protein synthesis
rather than DNA which determines heredity traits
DNA has sugar deoxyribose
RNA has ribose
WHat are the nitrogenous bases? Which base pairs go together?
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine,
paires up like
adenine-thymine
cytosine-guanine
held together by hydrogen bonds
What are the three main parts of a nucleotide?
- 5 carbon sugar
- phosphate (PO4^-2),
- nitrogenous bases
Primary structure
sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure
hydrogen bonding with the H from the amino group and the O form the carboxyl groups - alpha helix or beta pleated sheer
Tertiary structure
three dimensional structure of polypeptide due to R group interactions
Quaternary structure
two or more polypeptides interacting
What is a peptide bond?
created by dehydration synthesis between 2 amino acids ; special type of covalent bond
What is dehydration synthesis?
the removal of water to covalently link organic molecules together (also called condensation)
What is hydrolysis?
the addition of water to break apart two covalently linked organic molecules
What is DNA?
is the genetic code ,template for making proteins; the structure is a double helix ; sequence is important
What is the structure of DNA?
a double helix
like a twisted ladder
What is the sugar present in DNA?
5 carbon sugar - deoxyribose
The 4 groups of biological molecules?
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
Functions of CArbohydrates
energy sources, energy storage, carbon sources, cell structures
Biological molecules of carbohydrates
monosacharride- e.g. glucose, ribose
disaccharide - e.g.lactose , sucrose
polysaccharides - e.g. cellulose, starch, peptidoglycan
Functions of lipids
energy storage, cell membrane components
Biological molecules of lipids?
triglyceride fatty acid saturated fatty acids - e.g. fats unsaturated fatty acids - e.g. oils sterols - e.g.cholesterol
functions of nucleic acids?
substance of which genes are made of (DNA) and mechanism for DNA replication (RNA).
Biological molecules of nucleic acids?
DNA
RNA
Functions of proteins
cellular structures,(cytoskeleton, flagella) , enzymes (speed reactions) , chemical signals, exotixins, transporters in cell membrane.
Biological molcules of proteins
- amino acids - amino group & carboxyl group & rgoup
- peptide - short chain of amino acids
- polypeptide - a long chain of amino acids
Amino acid
Monomer of proteins/ building block of proteins
- amino group: (NH2-) tends to gain H+
- carboxyl group (COOH) - tends to lose H+ (week acid)
Peptide
short chain of amino acids
polypeptide
polymer of proteins
a long chain of amino acids (monomer)
Structure of proteins : amino acids
- amino group: (NH2-) tends to gain H+
- carboxyl group (COOH) - tends to lose H+ (week acid)
- R group connected to central carbon
Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids
Structure and components of nucleotide
- 5 carbon rugar - ribose or deoxyribose
- phosphate backbone - links sugar portions of one nucleotide to another, has nevative charge so nucleic acids end up negatively charged
- nitrogenous base - contains nitrogen in ring , can form hydrogen bonds
Monomers of Lipids
Fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acid
a carbon hydrogen chain with carboxl group at the end (-COOH weak acid) . the long hydrocarbon chain makes the FA insoluble in water; rarely found by itself
monomer of lipid and polymer
saturated fatty acids
only single bonds between carbons.
e.g. fats - solid at room temp. - shortening butter, animal fat
unsaturated fatty acid
double or triple bond between carbons - puts kink into molecule
e.g. oils form plants -liquid at room temp
phospholipid
two fatty acids linked to glycerol and a phosphate group with an R group
-hydrophilic
hydrophobic
Triglyceride
made of 3 carbon glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Monomer of carbohydrate?
monosacharides
Monosacharides
are simple sugars
- hexose has 6 carbons e.g. glucose is blood sugar
- pentose is 5 carbon e.g. Ribos - sugar is in RNA
Disacharides
2 simple sugars linked together
e. g. lactose - glucose and calactose - milk sugar
e. g. sucrose - glucose and fructose - cane sugar
polymer of carbohydrates
polysaccharides
polysaccharides
are more than 2 simple sugars lnkes together
- simple sugars can be linkes in a variety of ways
- examples of polysacharides
e. g.cellulose - glucose units - component of plant and algae cell walls
e. g. starch - glucose units - energy storage/energy source
e. g. peptidoglycan - in cell walls of bacteria
Structure of polypeptides
- primary structure- sequence of amino acids
- secondary - structure- Hydrogen bonding with the hydrogens from the amino group and the o from the carboxyl groups - alpha helix or beta pleated
- tertiary structure- 3 dimensional structure of poly peptides
- quaternary structures- two or more polypeptides
e. g. hemoglobin structure
3 types of chemical bonds
Hydrogen bond
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
covalent bond
chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pair of electrons; strong
e.g. carbon compounds like ethanol ,methane ; water
Ionic bond
the attractive force that holds 2 oppositely charged ions together; often very strong; often break apart in water
e.g. NaCl
Hydrogen bond
A weak bond between the slightly pos. charged hydrogen in a polar molecule and the slightly negative charged atom such as oxygen in a polar molecule (water)
e. g. nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
e. g. water (surface tension)
e. g. amino acids (protein structures)
base
ph above 7 ; increases concentration of OH- in a solution
acid
ph lower than 7 ; increases concentration of H+ in a solution
neutral
ph of 7 e.g. water
pH
the negative log of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution. In other words a way to measure 10-fold differences in the concentration of hydogen ions in a colution
e.g. something with a pH of 6 has ten-fold more H+ than something with a pH of 7.
Polar molecule -
a molecule which shared alectrons unequally so there is a slight positive charge at one pole and a slight negative charge at another pole
e.g. water
chemical bond
the force that hold atoms and or molecules together
organic compound
usually refers to compounds which contain Carbon and hydrogen.
Ion
- ion which has gained or lost electrons becomes neg. or pos. charged
- atom which has gained or lost electrons . atoms with 1 or 2 electrond in their outer shell frequently lose elextrons. atoms with 6 or 7 electrons in their outer shell frequently gain electrons
e. g. sodium (Na ) loses its one outer electron to become Na +
electron shell
an energy level around an atom
- first energy level or shell : one orbital (2 electrons mas)
- SEcond shell : four orbitals (8 electrons max)
- 3rd shell: 8 electrons
orbital
volume of space surrounding the nucleus in which an electron will be found 90% of the tie: there are a max of two electron per orbital
molecular weight
- the sum of all the atoms in a molecule
- the sum of all the atomic weights of all it’s atoms
atomic weight
the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. (protons + neutrons = atomic weight)
-the weight / mass of an atom
atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus
-number of protons in an atom or an element; determines the properties of an element
proton
has positive electrical charge of +1 found in the nucleus of an atom,. (sometimes written H+ when more protons than electrons)
element
any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Electrons
has negative electrical charge of -1 found in orbitals around the nucleus sometimes written in e- , is an fraction of the size of a proton
Neutron
has 0/neutral electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom
nucleus
the center of the atom; contains protons and neutrons
atom
the smallest unit of an element
Parasitology
study of helminths and parasitic protozoans
Microbial ecology
study of relationship between microbes and their environments
significance - understand how microb populations interact with plants and animals in different environments. Understanding pollutions and toxic chemicals in environment (clean them up with microbes)
Normal flora
Normal microbiota
-normal microbes that colonize on and inside our body without causing disease
significance: protect us against diseases by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microbes, and produce substances vit. k and B.
Bioremediation
The use of microbes to remove an environmental pollution
significance: toxins removed from underground wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites, and oil spills.
Mycology
the study of fungi , includes medical , agricultural and ecological branches.
significance : the germ theory of disease focused on a fungal pathogen
molecule
two or more atoms bound bound together
Pruisner
Experiments/accomplishments: Won nobel prize 1997 for Prion study that causes BSE/CJD
century:1997 (20th century)
West Nile encephalitis
Causes by: Virus
Concerns : Virus is carried by birds and is transmitted to humans by mosquitos. Causes inflammation of the brain .
Hooke
Accomplishments: Cell theory - all living things are composed of cells.
Century: 1600’s
Experiment: observed corkscrew compartments in a cork and called them “cells” - thus discovering cells.
BSE
Mad cow disease
Caused: by infectious protein called prion.
Concern: If humans eat it causes CJD (human form of cad cow disease) . All started from cattle being fed protein prepared from sheep that were infected with their own version of the virus.
Needham
Century: 1700’s
Experiment: Found that he heated nutrient fluids before pouring them into covered flask, the cooled solutions were soon teaming with microorganisms. Claimed that microorganism developed spontaneously from the fluids
competitors: Spallanzani, Redi
Koch’s Postulates
- the same microorganisms presend n all cases of the disease
- a pure culture of microbes is prepared from dead animal
- microbe from pure culture injected into healthy animal and the same disease occurs
- the same microorganism are recovered from the second diseased animal
Van Leeuwenhoek
century;1600s
accomplishments: described and drew 1st description of microorganisms through the microscopes he constructed.
Competitors: robert hook
Francis Redi
century: 1700’s
Experiment: demonstrated that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat by his jar experiment.
-put meat in a jar uncovered and other meat in jar covered with a fine net so it was exposed to the air.
Emerging infectious disease
new disease or changing and are increasing or re-emerging
e.g. disease such as , H1N1 (swine flue), west nile virus encephalitis, BSE, E.coli 0157:H7, MRSA
Pasture
Century: 1800s
Experiment: long neck flask and s shaped flask. Both with broth and exposed to air. The contents of the flasks were then boiled and cooled. the broth in the flasks did not decay and no signs of live even after months in the s neck flask. The unique design allowed air to pass into the flask, but not the curved neck trapped any airborne microorganisms that might contaminate the broth.
Accomplishments:Demonstrated that microbial life can be destroyed by heat (pasteurization) . Discoveries that microbes cause disease.
Germ Theory of disease
microorganism might cause disease
Lister
Century: 1800s
Accomplishment: English surgeon who first applied germ theory. Was treating surgical wounds with phenol (which kills bacteria) to surgical wounds.
-Earliest techniques to control infections and proves that microorganisms caused surgical wounds.
Jenner
Century:1796
Experiment: Observed Dairy maids got cowpox and couldn’t get smallpox. Incubates boy with cowpox -> after recovers exposes boy to smallpox and he survives.
Accomplishments : Discovers first flue vaccine
Spallanzani
century: 1700s
Experiment/accomplishment: proved Needham wrong - showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth. That spontaneous generation had been destroyed by the heat and was kept out of the flask by the seal.
Competitors: Needham, Redi
Koch
century: 1800’s
Accomplishment: microorganism can cause disease.
Experiment: studied anthrax in cows caused by bacteria. Thus establishing Koch’s postulates and stopped anthrax.
MRSA
Methicillin- Resistiant S . aureus
Cause: antibiotic resistant bacteria
concern: emerged and became endemis in many hospitals, leading to increasing use of vancomycin.
H1N1 Influenza (swine flu)
Emerging disease
Cause: Virus
Concern: detected in US in 2009. Declared H1N1 flu to be global pandemic disease- that affects large numbers of individuals in a short period of time and occurs worldwide.
E. Coli 0157: H7
Cause: normal inhabitant of large intestine but this specific kind causes bloody diarrhea when it grows in intestines.
Concern: One of the leading causes of diarrhea worldwide. Recent outbreaks in the US, associated with contamination of undercooked meat and unpasturized beverages.
What is a Prion? What diseases caused by prion?
A prion is an infectious protein.
Causes: BSE- madcow disease and CJD - disease in humans
Compound
A pure substance that can be broken down into simpler substances (elements) ; two or more elements joined together.
Sterols
Lipids
4 connected carbon rings , not composed of fatty acids, hydrophobic
e.g. cholesterol - major components of cell membranes of animal cells.
Spontaneous Generation
PEriod: 1700s-19th century
Def: that life comes from something not alive; from non-living source
Disease regarded- Anthrax, smallpox, cowpox
Experiments: Jars of meat (Redi), s-curved flask (pasture), Koch postulates, Cowpox exposure -vaccination (jenner), boiling of broth into flasks that were contained (spallanzani)
Arguements: Air was needed for microbe exposure/growth. Then that fluids contained microbes spontaneously disproved by Spallanzani
