R&R, china, mongols and the new world Flashcards
Incas
1200 - 1573 AD largest empire in the Americas, Federal government, four regions ruled by a leading family. Women have governmental power. Double the hematogen and in their body because of the elevation, large lung capacity, Very short. Grain based society, used domesticated llamas. sun worshipers. Had strict moral code: don’t lie, don’t steal, don’t be lazy. Performed successful brain surgery.
mayan
1500 BC to 900 AD. Highly developed writing system, Art, not next. Complex trade systems. Religion, hierarchy, ball courts. Brutal sacrifices.
Bering Strait
Where native Americans crossed over from what is now Russia into the Americas. First wave of migration through glaciers through narrow passages, diseases died out because of cold temperatures. Inuit people were the last to migrate through the bering strait.
Zheng He
1405-1433 Muslim, southwestern China. Rose through the ranks as a unit. Trusted adviser and administrator. Encouraged diplomatic and religious tolerance.
Middle Kingdom
Ruler is son of Heaven, provides dynastic order, China in middle civilized and harmonious; the rest of the world, barbarians unschooled
Mandate of heaven
Literally, heavenly decree. It is an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that Heaven granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.
The dynastic cycle
Aging dynasty loses the mandate of heaven»» problems symbolic of lost mandate include, peasant rebellions, floods, earthquakes. Armed bandits, and invasions.»_space;» new Dynasty claims the mandate of heaven»»> new Dynasty restores walls builds roads and irrigation»»> new Dynasty becomes an aging dynasty»»> aging dynasty is characterized by corrupt officials losing control of provinces imposing heavy tax burdens, allowing defensive walls to decay»_space;> loses the mandate of heaven
Confucianism
Confucianism is a collectivist based value system which embraces a set of moral codes of behavior designed to regulate the relationships. Believe that there are five different relationships and
Ruler and subject, father and son, friend and neighbor, husband and wife, brother and brother.
Civil examination
Preparation for exam began around 5, test takers were given a certain amount of time frequently six weeks, and they were supposed to write everything they knew. Topics included in poetry philosophy politics and ethics
eunachs
Could not generate families or build power bases. As such were allowed in the forbidden city
Mandarins
Special class of powerful officials, maintained and implemented royal orders
Imperial court
Emperor, eunachs, harem. Forbidden city.
Treasure ships
Nine masts, four decks, accommodated 500 passengers. 408 feet long, 166 feet wide. Eventually over 1000 naval and merchant ships.
Baba
peonies father
Black death
Plague in Europe. People try to combat this with fires, self-flagellation and retribution on Jewish town.
Humanism
Humanities; interest in Greek and Roman culture
Scholastic education gateway to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek. Humanism means the study of worldly objects.
Renaissance man
The ideal renaissance man was a universal manicure was accomplished in classics, a man of action, who could respond to all situations
Leonardo da Vinci
The perfect renaissance ma.
Anatomist, architect, astronomer, engineer, inventor, painter, musician and sculptor. Perhaps best known for painting the Mona Lisa da Vinci surviving notebooks detail flying machines human anatomy and the first robot in recorded history.
Niccolo Machiavelli
Machiavellian advice seems to encourage harsh treatment of citizens of rival states. Describes men as ungrateful fickle liars and deceivers. Advises rulers to separate morals from politics.
Lorenzo de Medici
Wealthy banking family from Florence. Constant political struggles between ability throughout the city states. Transactions across Europe. Workers strike.
Italian city states
Venice, sea trade, Shipbuilding, unique architectural city.
Milan, Based economy on agriculture, Silk and weapons.
Florence, To the south, famous for banking and cloth.
Civic beautification
Medieval artists, idealized and symbolic representations. Middle-age created church art. Renaissance artists work for pay. Wealthy individuals competed during purchase of artwork.
The development of capitalism
The venetians were the first in the money game. There were early investment opportunities, as well as a decline of feudalism and a rise of monarchies. Earliest precursors of the corporation or joint stock companies and chartered trading companies
Joint stock companies
The joint stock company was the forerunner of the modern corporation any stock venture, Stop was sold to high net worth investors who provided capital and had limited risk. These companies had proven profitable in the past with trading ventures. The risk was small, and the returns were fairly quick.
Johann Gutenberg
Movable type printing press in 1450. Sparked the Renaissance. Bible.
Imagined communities
The realization that one does not have to be in the same place as another to gain the same information. Made possible by the printing press
The Reformation
Religious reform, individualism, and nationalism.
Effects of agriculture surplus
.
peasants
.
medieval scholasticism
The renaissance put an end to medieval scholasticism, started a rebirth of learning
Humanism
Humanities
• Interest in Greek, Roman culture
• Scholastic education gave way to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek
• Humanism: Study worldly subjects, Focus on People
Roots
• Dante contained glimpses of focus on human nature
• Everyday language not Latin
• Advances were made in medicine, as well as astronomy
• Humanists argued that individual achievement, education could be fully expressed only if people used talents, abilities in service of cities.
Rennaisance man
Ideal Renaissance man = “universal man,”
accomplished in classics,
man of action, who could respond to all situations
Leonardo DaVinci
The archetypical “Renaissance Man,“
– anatomist, architect, astronomer, engineer, inventor, painter, musician and sculptor.
– Perhaps best known for painting the Mona Lisa, da Vinci’s surviving notebooks detail flying machines, human anatomy, and the first robot in recorded history. ( also the last supper, flying machine)
• His interests, enthusiasm boundless
Niccolo Machiavelli
Machiavellian advice seemed to encourage harsh treatment of citizens, rival states
Describes men as “ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers”
Advises rulers to separate morals from politics
– Power, ruthlessness more useful than idealism
– Ruler must do whatever necessary to keep political power, even if cruel
Machiavelli’s theory that “the end justifies the means” deviated from accepted views of correct behavior, “Better to be feared, than loved”
Idea that the state is an entity in itself, separate from its ruler, became foundation for later political philosophy, State before people
Philosopher, statesman Niccolo Machiavelli also wrote influential book
Experiences with violent politics influenced opinions on how governments should rule in The Prince
Lorenzo DeMedicis-
Florence
Wealthy banking families
– deMedicis
Constant political struggles between nobility throughout the city/states.
Transactions across Europe
Lending money to purchase goods in monarchies
Successful Strike
– Underpaid day workers in cloth industry, wanted benefits
Italian City states
Venice
• Venice built economy & reputation on trade (Sea) Long History
• Shipbuilding prospered, sailors traveled to Near East
• Venetian merchants built unique city, “work of art”
Milan, Florence
• Milan, based economy on agriculture, silk, weapons
• Florence, to south, famous for banking, cloth
• Monarchs appealed to bankers for money to fund wars
• Merchants refined raw wool into fine cloth
• Bankers, merchants created city to rival any in Europe
Civic Beautification
Medieval artists—idealized and symbolic representations-Religion
Renaissance artists; Realistic, Nature & Human Body (Humanism)
Patrons of the Arts
• Middle Ages created church art
• Renaissance artists worked for $$
• Patrons: Buyers of art
Competition Among Patrons/ Civic Beautification
• Wealthy individuals competed, through purchase of artworks
• Florence, Lorenzo de Medici supported most talented artists
• Milan, Sforza family benefactors of artists
Development of Capitalism
-Venetians were first in the money game, there were early investment opportunities, as well as a decline of feudalism and a rise of monarchies. Earliest precursors of the corporation were joint stock companies and chartered trading companies.
Joint Stock Companies
The joint-stock company was the forerunner of the modern corporation. In a STOCK VENTURE, stock was sold to high net-worth investors who provided CAPITAL and had limited RISK. These companies had proven profitable in the past with trading ventures. The risk was small, and the returns were fairly quick.
Virginia Company of London received a charter from the newly-crowned King James I. Following the precedent set by other companies such as the Moscovy Company and East India Company, the Virginia Company was a joint-stock company, which sold shares. All who purchased shares at a cost of £12 10s shared in the success or failure of the venture. The Virginia Company was formed both to bring profit to its shareholders and to establish an English colony in the New World.
Northern Humanism and religion
,
Johann Gutenberg
1450, Johannes Gutenberg perfected movable type printing
• Result, one of most dramatic upheavals world has ever known
Printed Word Available to More
• Before Copies by hand; long, painstaking process
• With movable type, books faster & cheaper, could be printed in local vernacular!!
• Easier access to books prompted = More Literacy, imagined communities
Best seller list
• Gutenberg’s first publication, 1,282-page Bible
• Explosion of printed material spread Renaissance ideas,
Imagined Communities
The realization that happened after the printing press with knowledge more readily avaliable. One could now have the same information as someone else that was miles away.
The reformation
Religions reform. Individualism & Nationalism
n I. As social, physical, and intellectual horizons widened, the Catholic Church was increasingly seen to be inadequate for the changing times
n b. Resistance from National Monarchies
n i.The Church tried citizens in their own courts; it owned vast amounts of land in various countries; and, was exempt from many domestic taxes
n Protestant Reformation indirectly encouraged formation of independent states, nations
n Rulers, merchants want church less involved in state, business affairs
n Political power became separated from churches
n Nations, churches still aligned with one another to increase influence
n Prominent people included John Wycliffe(Priest from Oxford, denied the supremacy of the Pope; believed in the primacy of the Scriptures
n Condemned various practices of the Church such as the sacraments, confession, pilgrimage, and clerical celibacy
• and Martin Luther : Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace cannot be won by good works; faith alone needed
• 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope
Empowered the People
• Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible
• To help, Luther translated Bible into German
• Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy
Dahomey
voodoon, french, slave trade
Benin
.formerly dahomey
Henry Louis Gates
man in theslave kingdoms film.
Voodoon
African religion, relevant because this is the only surviving religion in the us today from the days of African slave trade. It survived because the sugar plantation slaves were not converted, and thus we see remnants of it in “ voodoo” today in places like new Orleans
Elmina Castle
Where slaves were kept
Ashanti
slave kingdom near Kumase
Amazons
Fearsome female warriors. Their descendents guard the kind of dahome
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade- The slave trade that occurred when europeans brought Africans to the Americas.
Point of no return
The gate at which point Africans knew they would be going to the new worls as slaves.
Difference in muslim worlds
.
Millet System-
Grouping people by religion into communities. Muslims at the top of the hierarchy, then Christians and Jews
Ottomans-
From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders (Anatolia and Turkey)
Decline of the Mongols
Rise of Osman Bey
Dominate force by mid 14th century
in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.
nature of ottoman rule
fathers trained sons to be capable rulers and warriors , millet system which separated people by religion, they utilized the talent of the different peoples of their empire, succession by fratricide, and new military tech
Fratricide- Succession to the strongest; not the eldest
No Primary Queen, all women co-equal slave status
Large Harem with “women from around the world”
No inbreeding of royal family
Levy of boys “Blood Tax”
People had to give one son to be trained to be a janissary
The Janissary
elite warriors
Sulleyman
Ottoman empire
Great combination of personal power, ruthlessness, talent, and energy
· Disregard of traditional succession
· Sultanate of the Women
“Selim the Sot. was his heir, and put his brother in a Cage, the infant brother died soon after.
Safvids
In 1501, Ismâ’il was proclaimed shah at Tabriz, the first capital
Politics and War Under the Safavid Shahs
Succession crisis
Tahmasp I, and Shah Abbas I extended Safavid territories to their greatest extent. Turned back by the Ottomans
Military elite, recruitment of Russian slaves into army, conversion and administration positions
Imported European Technology
Built many mosques and impressive architecture
Shiite theology
State sponsored Shiite theology and supervised the education of religious leaders
Much of the Safavid population was converted to Shi’ism, occasionally by force
Demise in early 1700s
The Imams
Shahs claimed to be descendents of the Imams
Ismail
. Shah of (Persia) and the founder of the Safavid dynasty which survived until 1736.
Persian
Safavid dynasty
Hinduism theology vs. Islamic theology
Monotheistic religion opposed to polytheistic teachings
Meat / vegetarians; brotherhood/ caste system
Mughals
Merger of muslim and hindu theology and culture.
Pre-dominantly non-Muslim population
· Religious conflict: Hinduism theology vs. Islamic theology
· Monotheistic religion opposed to polytheistic teachings
Meat / vegetarians; brotherhood/ caste system
Hindus adopted the Muslim custom of purdah, the seclusion of women; as well as Muslim style of dress
·Urdu, a language combining Hindi, Persian, and Arabic, developed and became the language of poets
Kabir taught, “God is one, whether we worship him as Allah or as Rama.”
Urdu
a language combining Hindi, Persian, and Arabic, developed and became the language of poets
Tamerlane
1398, 90,000 Calvary soldiers devastated Delhi, “for two months not a bird moved a wing in the city.“
Dedicated to the arts
Protected teachers and artisans
Purdah
.
Akbar
Babar grandson
Illiterate by choice, surrounded himself with educated advisors
Knowledgeable ruler: rebuilt infrastructure, allowed local laws to pervade, reform society for women, children, prisoners of war.
Taj Mahal
Shah Jahan built for his favorite wife (1622) 20,000 workers, 15 years to complete
Implications of religions
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JUnker Jorg
Luther’s new identity
John Wycliff
Influencial in the reformation, priest from oxford. denied the supremacy of the Pope; believed in the primacy of the Scriptures
n Condemned various practices of the Church such as the sacraments, confession, pilgrimage, and clerical celibacy
Martin Luther
ninety five theses
Ninety Five Theses
Martin Luther
John Calvin
(1509-1564):
n French lawyer, moved to Switzerland radical, intolerant Protestantism
a. Very narrow interpretation of Scriptures
Developed Presbytery: general congregation to participate in church functions and to make decisions about its government
Doctrine of predestination
Influenced by Augustine
• Preached Predestination: God knows who will be saved at birth
• Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end
Protestant work ethic
.
Reconquista
the name given to a long series of wars and battles between the Christian Kingdoms and the Muslim Moors for control of the Iberian Peninsula. It lasted for a good portion of the Middle Ages from 718 to 1492.
Jesuits
New religious orders whose members reform church
• Renewed church’s emphasis on spirituality, service
• 1534 Society of Jesus, or the, Jesuits ran like military
• Emphasizing obedience to church above all
• Jesuits use education to combating Protestant Reformation; established missions, schools, universities
Iberian Penensula
.long series of wars and battles between the Christian Kingdoms and the Muslim Moors for control of the Iberian Peninsula.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Born 1394, 3rd son, helped father and brother with the Reconquista
o Wanted to stop Barbary pirates, capture of Euros for slave trade
o Explore African coast
o Took over the Order of Christ; formally the Knights’ Templar
o 1430 control of islands off west Africa: Carnies, Madeira.
o 1460 trade with Africa
o Sponsored navigation schools, cartographers, and expeditions.
o Incorporated new technology; lighter ships, astrolabes, compasses, triangle sails.
o Took 1/5 of profits from voyages and brought first African slaves.
Triangle
Prince henry the navigator first utilized these to afford more control and speed
Atlantic world
Population vs. Land ratio
Advancement
Trade/ Gold Standardization
Empire Building
Bartolomeu Diaz
a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so.
Canaries
.are a Spanish archipelago located just off the southern coast of Morocco, 100 kilometres (62 miles) west of its southern border.
plantatian economies
plantations are single cash crop farms. This was where many of the slaves ended up once they came across the Atlantic.
Timbuktu
.
sugar cane
one of the main cash crops for the plantation economies, a brutal crop to work the life expectancy for slaves working on a sugarcane crop was extremely short.
Queen Isabella
wife of king Ferdinand, sent christofer collumbus
Columbian exchange
.The Columbian Exchange refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.
Italian Connection
.
tainos/los indios
.were an Arawak people who were the indigenous people of the Caribbean and Florida. At the time of European contact in the late 15th century, they were the principal inhabitants of most of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Puerto Rico. In the Greater Antilles, the northern Lesser Antilles, and the Bahamas, they were known as the Lucayans. They spoke the Taíno language, one of the Arawakan languages.
smallpox
Europeans brought it over to the new world with them, native americans were not prepared to handle it, wiped out a large part of their population
Impact of american crops
.
Attractions of new world
The three G’s: God, Glory, Gold
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese explorer who organised the Castilian (Spanish) expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth.Early Years – Captain of 5 Spanish Ships, 234 men – Brazil and Munity – Straits – Pacific – Philippines – 17 crew survive
Treaty de Tordesillas
Signed June 7, 1494
• Pope divided the globe between Spain and Portugal.
• All nations currently held by a Christian leaders shall be retained.
• Spain= new world, except for Brazil and Portugal= Asia.
Did not make other nations or the people being divided up happy
Tenochtitlan
.At its peak it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas. It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in Mexico City’s downtown.
Spanish Implementation
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Cibola
city of gold, City of gold, searched for for years, wild goose chase Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
Brown Gold
Fur trade by the French, became a major fashion in europe
