R&R, china, mongols and the new world Flashcards
Incas
1200 - 1573 AD largest empire in the Americas, Federal government, four regions ruled by a leading family. Women have governmental power. Double the hematogen and in their body because of the elevation, large lung capacity, Very short. Grain based society, used domesticated llamas. sun worshipers. Had strict moral code: don’t lie, don’t steal, don’t be lazy. Performed successful brain surgery.
mayan
1500 BC to 900 AD. Highly developed writing system, Art, not next. Complex trade systems. Religion, hierarchy, ball courts. Brutal sacrifices.
Bering Strait
Where native Americans crossed over from what is now Russia into the Americas. First wave of migration through glaciers through narrow passages, diseases died out because of cold temperatures. Inuit people were the last to migrate through the bering strait.
Zheng He
1405-1433 Muslim, southwestern China. Rose through the ranks as a unit. Trusted adviser and administrator. Encouraged diplomatic and religious tolerance.
Middle Kingdom
Ruler is son of Heaven, provides dynastic order, China in middle civilized and harmonious; the rest of the world, barbarians unschooled
Mandate of heaven
Literally, heavenly decree. It is an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that Heaven granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.
The dynastic cycle
Aging dynasty loses the mandate of heaven»» problems symbolic of lost mandate include, peasant rebellions, floods, earthquakes. Armed bandits, and invasions.»_space;» new Dynasty claims the mandate of heaven»»> new Dynasty restores walls builds roads and irrigation»»> new Dynasty becomes an aging dynasty»»> aging dynasty is characterized by corrupt officials losing control of provinces imposing heavy tax burdens, allowing defensive walls to decay»_space;> loses the mandate of heaven
Confucianism
Confucianism is a collectivist based value system which embraces a set of moral codes of behavior designed to regulate the relationships. Believe that there are five different relationships and
Ruler and subject, father and son, friend and neighbor, husband and wife, brother and brother.
Civil examination
Preparation for exam began around 5, test takers were given a certain amount of time frequently six weeks, and they were supposed to write everything they knew. Topics included in poetry philosophy politics and ethics
eunachs
Could not generate families or build power bases. As such were allowed in the forbidden city
Mandarins
Special class of powerful officials, maintained and implemented royal orders
Imperial court
Emperor, eunachs, harem. Forbidden city.
Treasure ships
Nine masts, four decks, accommodated 500 passengers. 408 feet long, 166 feet wide. Eventually over 1000 naval and merchant ships.
Baba
peonies father
Black death
Plague in Europe. People try to combat this with fires, self-flagellation and retribution on Jewish town.
Humanism
Humanities; interest in Greek and Roman culture
Scholastic education gateway to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek. Humanism means the study of worldly objects.
Renaissance man
The ideal renaissance man was a universal manicure was accomplished in classics, a man of action, who could respond to all situations
Leonardo da Vinci
The perfect renaissance ma.
Anatomist, architect, astronomer, engineer, inventor, painter, musician and sculptor. Perhaps best known for painting the Mona Lisa da Vinci surviving notebooks detail flying machines human anatomy and the first robot in recorded history.
Niccolo Machiavelli
Machiavellian advice seems to encourage harsh treatment of citizens of rival states. Describes men as ungrateful fickle liars and deceivers. Advises rulers to separate morals from politics.
Lorenzo de Medici
Wealthy banking family from Florence. Constant political struggles between ability throughout the city states. Transactions across Europe. Workers strike.
Italian city states
Venice, sea trade, Shipbuilding, unique architectural city.
Milan, Based economy on agriculture, Silk and weapons.
Florence, To the south, famous for banking and cloth.
Civic beautification
Medieval artists, idealized and symbolic representations. Middle-age created church art. Renaissance artists work for pay. Wealthy individuals competed during purchase of artwork.
The development of capitalism
The venetians were the first in the money game. There were early investment opportunities, as well as a decline of feudalism and a rise of monarchies. Earliest precursors of the corporation or joint stock companies and chartered trading companies
Joint stock companies
The joint stock company was the forerunner of the modern corporation any stock venture, Stop was sold to high net worth investors who provided capital and had limited risk. These companies had proven profitable in the past with trading ventures. The risk was small, and the returns were fairly quick.
Johann Gutenberg
Movable type printing press in 1450. Sparked the Renaissance. Bible.
Imagined communities
The realization that one does not have to be in the same place as another to gain the same information. Made possible by the printing press
The Reformation
Religious reform, individualism, and nationalism.
Effects of agriculture surplus
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peasants
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medieval scholasticism
The renaissance put an end to medieval scholasticism, started a rebirth of learning
Humanism
Humanities
• Interest in Greek, Roman culture
• Scholastic education gave way to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek
• Humanism: Study worldly subjects, Focus on People
Roots
• Dante contained glimpses of focus on human nature
• Everyday language not Latin
• Advances were made in medicine, as well as astronomy
• Humanists argued that individual achievement, education could be fully expressed only if people used talents, abilities in service of cities.
Rennaisance man
Ideal Renaissance man = “universal man,”
accomplished in classics,
man of action, who could respond to all situations
Leonardo DaVinci
The archetypical “Renaissance Man,“
– anatomist, architect, astronomer, engineer, inventor, painter, musician and sculptor.
– Perhaps best known for painting the Mona Lisa, da Vinci’s surviving notebooks detail flying machines, human anatomy, and the first robot in recorded history. ( also the last supper, flying machine)
• His interests, enthusiasm boundless
Niccolo Machiavelli
Machiavellian advice seemed to encourage harsh treatment of citizens, rival states
Describes men as “ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers”
Advises rulers to separate morals from politics
– Power, ruthlessness more useful than idealism
– Ruler must do whatever necessary to keep political power, even if cruel
Machiavelli’s theory that “the end justifies the means” deviated from accepted views of correct behavior, “Better to be feared, than loved”
Idea that the state is an entity in itself, separate from its ruler, became foundation for later political philosophy, State before people
Philosopher, statesman Niccolo Machiavelli also wrote influential book
Experiences with violent politics influenced opinions on how governments should rule in The Prince
Lorenzo DeMedicis-
Florence
Wealthy banking families
– deMedicis
Constant political struggles between nobility throughout the city/states.
Transactions across Europe
Lending money to purchase goods in monarchies
Successful Strike
– Underpaid day workers in cloth industry, wanted benefits
Italian City states
Venice
• Venice built economy & reputation on trade (Sea) Long History
• Shipbuilding prospered, sailors traveled to Near East
• Venetian merchants built unique city, “work of art”
Milan, Florence
• Milan, based economy on agriculture, silk, weapons
• Florence, to south, famous for banking, cloth
• Monarchs appealed to bankers for money to fund wars
• Merchants refined raw wool into fine cloth
• Bankers, merchants created city to rival any in Europe
Civic Beautification
Medieval artists—idealized and symbolic representations-Religion
Renaissance artists; Realistic, Nature & Human Body (Humanism)
Patrons of the Arts
• Middle Ages created church art
• Renaissance artists worked for $$
• Patrons: Buyers of art
Competition Among Patrons/ Civic Beautification
• Wealthy individuals competed, through purchase of artworks
• Florence, Lorenzo de Medici supported most talented artists
• Milan, Sforza family benefactors of artists
Development of Capitalism
-Venetians were first in the money game, there were early investment opportunities, as well as a decline of feudalism and a rise of monarchies. Earliest precursors of the corporation were joint stock companies and chartered trading companies.
Joint Stock Companies
The joint-stock company was the forerunner of the modern corporation. In a STOCK VENTURE, stock was sold to high net-worth investors who provided CAPITAL and had limited RISK. These companies had proven profitable in the past with trading ventures. The risk was small, and the returns were fairly quick.
Virginia Company of London received a charter from the newly-crowned King James I. Following the precedent set by other companies such as the Moscovy Company and East India Company, the Virginia Company was a joint-stock company, which sold shares. All who purchased shares at a cost of £12 10s shared in the success or failure of the venture. The Virginia Company was formed both to bring profit to its shareholders and to establish an English colony in the New World.
Northern Humanism and religion
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