R. J.

Question 1

Recovery from punishment

Answer 1

The process by which a previously punished behavior is strengthened by withholding punishment.

Question 2

Positive Punishment

Answer 2

An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that decrease the future frequency of that response.

Question 3

Negative punishment

Answer 3

An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn, removed) or attenuated following a response, which decrease the future frequency of that behavior.

Question 4

Time-out from positive reinforcement

Answer 4

A procedure based on the principle of negative punishment; the organism cannot access (generally specified) reinforces for an amount of time.

Question 5

2 variables affecting punishment

Answer 5

Motivating operations (MOs) and competing reinforcement contingencies.

Question 6

Resurgence

Answer 6

The reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior during the extinction of a more recently reinforced behavior.

Question 7

Punishment

Answer 7

An environmental change immediately following a response which decreases the future frequency of that behavior in similar conditions.

Question 8

Unconditioned punisher

Answer 8

A stimulus that, usually, is punishing without any prior learning; its effect is due to phylogenic provenance (genetics)

Question 9

conditioned punisher

Answer 9

A stimulus that initially has no innate punishing properties, but acquires punishing properties through pairing with unconditioned punishers or powerful conditioned punishers; its effect is due to ontogenic provenance (experiences)

Question 10

operant extinction

Answer 10

the process by which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement.

Question 11

3 critical attributes of extinction

Answer 11

Behavior has been previously reinforced, reinforcement must be withheld every time the behavior occurs, the behavior has to be weakened.

Question 12

3 variables attributes of operant extinction

Answer 12

may be an extinction burst, may exhibit variation in topography and emotional responses following extinction, may involve withholding a stimulus or not withdrawing an aversive stimulus.

Question 13

operant spontaneous recovery

Answer 13

The sudden and temporary reappearance of of a behavior following extinction.

Question 14

planned reinforcement

Answer 14

a person explicitly arranged the contingency

Question 15

Unplanned reinforcement

Answer 15

the contingency occurred naturally and was not explicitly arranged.

Question 16

5 variables affecting reinforcer effectiveness

Answer 16

deprivation and satiation, species=specific biological preparedness, response effort, competing reinforcers, environmental context.

Question 17

competing reinforcers

Answer 17

different reinforcers are available at the same time, for the same behavior, and or for competing behavior and they may alter each other’s value.

Question 18

Automatic reinforcement

Answer 18

the response itself directly produces the reinforcing consequence; the consequence is NOT mediated by another person

Question 19

socially mediated reinforcement

Answer 19

The consequence is mediated by another person

Question 20

4 types of reinforcement

Answer 20

socially mediated positive, socially mediated negative, automatic positive, automatic negative.

Question 21

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 21

specifies the criteria for reinforcement in terms of number of responses required and or when the response occurs.

Question 22

escape

Answer 22

Behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus and is maintained by negative reinforcement

Question 23

avoidance

Answer 23

a response terminates a warning stimulus; prevents or delays the onset of the aversive stimulus

Question 24

warning stimulus

Answer 24

a conditioned aversive stimulus whose presence is correlated with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus.

Question 25

unsignaled avoidance

Answer 25

no clear warning stimulus, but a response can still delay or prevent the occurence of the aversive event.

Question 26

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 26

A stimulus that initially has not innnate reinforcing properties, but acquires reinforcing properties through pairing with unconditioned reinforcers or powerful conditioned reinforcers; effect is due to ontogenic provenance (experiences)

Question 27

generalized condtioned reinforcer

Answer 27

a conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers and is effective for a wide range of behaviors.

Question 28

positive reinforcement

Answer 28

an environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that increase or maintains the future frequency of that response.

Question 29

negative reinforcement

Answer 29

an environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn or removed) or attenuated following a response, and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior.

Question 30

premack principle

Answer 30

if the opportunity to engage in a preferred or high probability behavior is made contingent on engaging in a less preferred behavior, the future duration or frequency of the less preferred behavior will increase.

Question 31

reinforcer

Answer 31

a stimulus that, when presented following a response, increases or maintains the future frequency of that response

Question 32

6 variables attributes of reinforcement

Answer 32

conditioned or unconditioned, positive or negatice, automatic or socially mediated, variety of schedules, natural or planned, reinforcing under some conditions but not others.

Question 33

unconditioned reinforcer

Answer 33

a stimulus that, usually is reinforcing without any prior learning; that is its effect is due to phylogenic provenance genetics

Question 34

extinction

Answer 34

discontinuing reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior

Question 35

reinforcement

Answer 35

an environment change that follows a response and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior.

Question 36

5 critical attributes of reinforcement

Answer 36

environmental change must occur after the response, must occur immediately after the response, contingent upon the response, must increase or maintain future responding automatically.

Question 37

automatically

Answer 37

behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness; works without any need for verbal mediation

Question 38

Sp+

Answer 38

conditioned positive punishment

Question 39

Sp-

Answer 39

Unconditioned negative punishment

Question 40

Extinction from reinforcement and recovery from punishment

Answer 40

two other types of consequences that consist of withholding previous consequences

Question 41

Sr+

Answer 41

Conditioned positive reinforcement

Question 42

SR-

Answer 42

Unconditioned negative reinforcement

Question 43

Sr-

Answer 43

Conditioned negative reinforcement

Question 44

SP+

Answer 44

Unconditioned positive punishment