R. J. Flashcards
SAFEMED STUDY
Recovery from punishment
The process by which a previously punished behavior is strengthened by withholding punishment.
Positive Punishment
An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that decrease the future frequency of that response.
Negative punishment
An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn, removed) or attenuated following a response, which decrease the future frequency of that behavior.
Time-out from positive reinforcement
A procedure based on the principle of negative punishment; the organism cannot access (generally specified) reinforces for an amount of time.
2 variables affecting punishment
Motivating operations (MOs) and competing reinforcement contingencies.
Resurgence
The reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior during the extinction of a more recently reinforced behavior.
Punishment
An environmental change immediately following a response which decreases the future frequency of that behavior in similar conditions.
Unconditioned punisher
A stimulus that, usually, is punishing without any prior learning; its effect is due to phylogenic provenance (genetics)
conditioned punisher
A stimulus that initially has no innate punishing properties, but acquires punishing properties through pairing with unconditioned punishers or powerful conditioned punishers; its effect is due to ontogenic provenance (experiences)
operant extinction
the process by which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement.
3 critical attributes of extinction
Behavior has been previously reinforced, reinforcement must be withheld every time the behavior occurs, the behavior has to be weakened.
3 variables attributes of operant extinction
may be an extinction burst, may exhibit variation in topography and emotional responses following extinction, may involve withholding a stimulus or not withdrawing an aversive stimulus.
operant spontaneous recovery
The sudden and temporary reappearance of of a behavior following extinction.
planned reinforcement
a person explicitly arranged the contingency
Unplanned reinforcement
the contingency occurred naturally and was not explicitly arranged.
5 variables affecting reinforcer effectiveness
deprivation and satiation, species=specific biological preparedness, response effort, competing reinforcers, environmental context.
competing reinforcers
different reinforcers are available at the same time, for the same behavior, and or for competing behavior and they may alter each other’s value.
Automatic reinforcement
the response itself directly produces the reinforcing consequence; the consequence is NOT mediated by another person
socially mediated reinforcement
The consequence is mediated by another person
4 types of reinforcement
socially mediated positive, socially mediated negative, automatic positive, automatic negative.
schedule of reinforcement
specifies the criteria for reinforcement in terms of number of responses required and or when the response occurs.
escape
Behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus and is maintained by negative reinforcement
avoidance
a response terminates a warning stimulus; prevents or delays the onset of the aversive stimulus
warning stimulus
a conditioned aversive stimulus whose presence is correlated with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus.
unsignaled avoidance
no clear warning stimulus, but a response can still delay or prevent the occurence of the aversive event.
conditioned reinforcer
A stimulus that initially has not innnate reinforcing properties, but acquires reinforcing properties through pairing with unconditioned reinforcers or powerful conditioned reinforcers; effect is due to ontogenic provenance (experiences)
generalized condtioned reinforcer
a conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers and is effective for a wide range of behaviors.
positive reinforcement
an environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that increase or maintains the future frequency of that response.
negative reinforcement
an environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn or removed) or attenuated following a response, and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior.
premack principle
if the opportunity to engage in a preferred or high probability behavior is made contingent on engaging in a less preferred behavior, the future duration or frequency of the less preferred behavior will increase.
reinforcer
a stimulus that, when presented following a response, increases or maintains the future frequency of that response
6 variables attributes of reinforcement
conditioned or unconditioned, positive or negatice, automatic or socially mediated, variety of schedules, natural or planned, reinforcing under some conditions but not others.
unconditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that, usually is reinforcing without any prior learning; that is its effect is due to phylogenic provenance genetics
extinction
discontinuing reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior
reinforcement
an environment change that follows a response and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior.
5 critical attributes of reinforcement
environmental change must occur after the response, must occur immediately after the response, contingent upon the response, must increase or maintain future responding automatically.
automatically
behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness; works without any need for verbal mediation
Sp+
conditioned positive punishment
Sp-
Unconditioned negative punishment
Extinction from reinforcement and recovery from punishment
two other types of consequences that consist of withholding previous consequences
Sr+
Conditioned positive reinforcement
SR-
Unconditioned negative reinforcement
Sr-
Conditioned negative reinforcement
SP+
Unconditioned positive punishment
