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CHEMISTRY > R&Cs > Flashcards

R&Cs Flashcards

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1
Q

ALKENES TO ALKANES ( 4 types of EA)

A

HX (g)
Conc.H2SO4, 0 degrees, boil water H20
X2 (l) / X2 in CCl4, dark
X2 (aq)

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2
Q

ALKENES TO ALKANES (REDUCTION)

A

H2 (g) Ni catalyst, heat

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3
Q

OXIDATION OF ALKENES (strong)

A

0 R group -> Co2 + H20
1 R group -> COOH
2 R group -> ketone

KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat

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4
Q

FRS

A

Limited Cl2 (g), UV

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5
Q

OXIDATION OF ALKENES (MILD)

A

KMnO4 (AQ) H2SO4 (AQ) cold

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6
Q

ALKANES TO ALKENES (2)

A

Elimination of HX - ethanolic KOH/NaOH, heat
Elimination of H2O - excess conc. H2SO4, 170degrees

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7
Q

ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITION ON ARENE (4)

A

X2 (l), anyhydrous FeX3/AlX3
Conc. HNO3, Conc. H2SO4, 55degrees
R-X + AlX3
CORX, anhydrous AlX3

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8
Q

ELECTROPHILIC SUB ON METHYL BENZENE (2) (MONO SUB)

A

Conc. HNO3, Conc. H2SO4, 30 degrees
X2(l), anyhydrous AlX3, dark

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9
Q

FRS on methyl benzene

A

Limited Cl2 (g), UV

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10
Q

Oxidation of methyl benzene (r&c)

A

KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat

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11
Q

Formation of halogenoalkanes (NUCLEOPHILIC SUB) (4)

A

PCl3/PBr3 (g), heat OR PCl5 (g), rtp OR SOCl2 (l), rtp OR HX generated in Situ

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12
Q

FORMATION OF HALOGENOALKANES (FRS)

A

limited X2(g), UV

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13
Q

FORMATION OF HALOGENOALKANES (EA)

A

HBr (g)

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14
Q

R-X to R-OH

A

Nucleophilic substitution - NaOH (AQ), heat

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15
Q

R-X to R-CN

A

Nucleophilic substitution - ethanolic KCN, heat

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16
Q

R-CN to R-COOH + NH4+

A

Acidic hydrolysis - H2SO4 (AQ), heat under reflux

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17
Q

R-CN to R-COO- + NH3

A

Basic hydrolysis - NaOH (AQ), heat under reflux

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18
Q

R-CN to R-CH2NH2

A

Reduction - LiAlH4 in dry ether OR H2, Ni, heat

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19
Q

R-X to R-NH2

A

Excess Conc. NH3, ethanal, heat in sealed tube

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20
Q

Aldehyde to primary alcohol

A

Reduction - H2(g), Ni, heat OR NaBH4, rtp OR LiAlH4 in dry ether

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21
Q

Ketone to secondary alcohol

A

Reduction - H2(g), Ni, heat OR NaBH4, rtp OR LiAlH4 in dry ether

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22
Q

COOH to primary alcohol

A

Reduction - LiALH4 in dry ether

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23
Q

Primary alcohol to aldehyde

A

K2Cr2O7 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat with immediate distillation

24
Q

Primary alcohol (bypass aldehyde) to COOH

A

KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat with reflux

25
Q

Secondary alcohol to ketone

A

KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat w reflux

26
Q

Alkenes to R-OH

A

Electrophilic addition - Conc. H2SO4 , 0 degrees, boil with water

27
Q

CH3COOH to CH3CH2OH

A

Reduction - LiAlH4 in dry ether

28
Q

R-COOCH2CH3 to CH2CH3OH

A

hydrolysis - H2SO4 (AQ), heat OR NaOH (AQ), heat

29
Q

R-OH to R-O-Na+

A

Redox - Na (s)

30
Q

R-OH to R-OCO-R + H2O/HCl (2)

A

CONDENSATION - RCOOH, Conc. H2SO4 , heat
- RCOCl, Conc. H2SO4 , heat

31
Q

Tri-iodo form methane test - functional grp, r&c, obsv

A

Methyl alcohol/carbonyl

I2 (AQ), NaOH (AQ), warm

YELLOW PPT

32
Q

Tri sub on phenol (bromination)

A

Br2 (AQ)

33
Q

Mono sub on phenol (bromination)

A

Br2 in CCl4, rtp

34
Q

Tri sub on phenol (nitration)

A

Conc. HNO3, rtp

35
Q

Mono sub on phenol (nitration)

A

HNO3 (AQ), rtp

36
Q

Benzene ring -OH (phenol) to benzene ring -COOR

A

Condensation - RCOCl OR RCOBr

37
Q

Benzene ring - OH (phenol) to benzene ring - O- Na+ (2)

A

Neutralisation - NaOH (AQ)
Redox - Na (s)

38
Q

Benzene ring - O-Na+ to Benzene ring - OCOR

A

Condensation - RCOCl OR RCOBr

39
Q

2,4-DNPH

A

CONDENSATION - Test for carbonyls, orange ppt

40
Q

Aldehyde to COOH

A

OXIDATION - KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat

41
Q

Tollen’s reagent

A

OXIDATION - test for aldehyde, silver mirror formed

42
Q

Fehling’s solution + warm

A

OXIDATION - test for aliphatic akdehydes (not directly bonded to benzene ring), brick red ppt

43
Q

R-COOH to R-COO (ESTER)

A

Condensation - R-OH, Conc H2SO4, heat

44
Q

R-COOH to R-COCl

A

Nucleophilic substitution - PCl5 (g), rtp

45
Q

R-COCl to R-COO

A

condensation - R-OH, Conc. H2SO4, heat

46
Q

R-COO-R’ to RCH2OH + R’-OH

A

Reduction - LiAlH4 in dry ether

47
Q

CH3-CN TO CH3CH2NH2

A

Reduction - LiALH4 in dry ether OR H2,Ni, heat

48
Q

Benzene ring - NO2 to benzene ring - NH2 (phenylamine)

A

Reduction - 1. Sn, conc HCl, heat 2. NaOH (AQ)

49
Q

CH3-CONH2 to CH3-COOH + NH3+

A

Acidic hydrolysis - H2SO4 (AQ), heat

50
Q

COOH TO COO- Na+

A

NaOH (AQ)

51
Q

COO-Na+ to COOH

A

H2SO4 (AQ)

52
Q

CH3CH2-NH2 TO CH3CH2-NHCO-CH3 (amide)

A

Condensation - CH3COCl

53
Q

CH3CH2-NH2 TO CH3CH2-NH3+Cl-

A

Acid base - HCl (AQ)

54
Q

CH3CH2-NH2 TO CH3CH2-NH3+ CH3CO2-

A

acid base - CH3CO2H

55
Q

CH3CH2-NH2 TO CH3CH2-NH-CH3 (step up)

A

Nucleophilic substitution- CH3Br, heat

56
Q

Amide to amine

A

Reduction, LiAlH4 in dry ether

57
Q

Carbonyl to R-C-OH-CN-R

A

HCN, Trace NaCN/NaOH (aq), cold

CHEMISTRY (2 decks)

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