R&Cs Flashcards
ALKENES TO ALKANES ( 4 types of EA)
HX (g)
Conc.H2SO4, 0 degrees, boil water H20
X2 (l) / X2 in CCl4, dark
X2 (aq)
ALKENES TO ALKANES (REDUCTION)
H2 (g) Ni catalyst, heat
OXIDATION OF ALKENES (strong)
0 R group -> Co2 + H20
1 R group -> COOH
2 R group -> ketone
KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat
FRS
Limited Cl2 (g), UV
OXIDATION OF ALKENES (MILD)
KMnO4 (AQ) H2SO4 (AQ) cold
ALKANES TO ALKENES (2)
Elimination of HX - ethanolic KOH/NaOH, heat
Elimination of H2O - excess conc. H2SO4, 170degrees
ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITION ON ARENE (4)
X2 (l), anyhydrous FeX3/AlX3
Conc. HNO3, Conc. H2SO4, 55degrees
R-X + AlX3
CORX, anhydrous AlX3
ELECTROPHILIC SUB ON METHYL BENZENE (2) (MONO SUB)
Conc. HNO3, Conc. H2SO4, 30 degrees
X2(l), anyhydrous AlX3, dark
FRS on methyl benzene
Limited Cl2 (g), UV
Oxidation of methyl benzene (r&c)
KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat
Formation of halogenoalkanes (NUCLEOPHILIC SUB) (4)
PCl3/PBr3 (g), heat OR PCl5 (g), rtp OR SOCl2 (l), rtp OR HX generated in Situ
FORMATION OF HALOGENOALKANES (FRS)
limited X2(g), UV
FORMATION OF HALOGENOALKANES (EA)
HBr (g)
R-X to R-OH
Nucleophilic substitution - NaOH (AQ), heat
R-X to R-CN
Nucleophilic substitution - ethanolic KCN, heat
R-CN to R-COOH + NH4+
Acidic hydrolysis - H2SO4 (AQ), heat under reflux
R-CN to R-COO- + NH3
Basic hydrolysis - NaOH (AQ), heat under reflux
R-CN to R-CH2NH2
Reduction - LiAlH4 in dry ether OR H2, Ni, heat
R-X to R-NH2
Excess Conc. NH3, ethanal, heat in sealed tube
Aldehyde to primary alcohol
Reduction - H2(g), Ni, heat OR NaBH4, rtp OR LiAlH4 in dry ether
Ketone to secondary alcohol
Reduction - H2(g), Ni, heat OR NaBH4, rtp OR LiAlH4 in dry ether
COOH to primary alcohol
Reduction - LiALH4 in dry ether
Primary alcohol to aldehyde
K2Cr2O7 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat with immediate distillation
Primary alcohol (bypass aldehyde) to COOH
KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat with reflux
Secondary alcohol to ketone
KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat w reflux
Alkenes to R-OH
Electrophilic addition - Conc. H2SO4 , 0 degrees, boil with water
CH3COOH to CH3CH2OH
Reduction - LiAlH4 in dry ether
R-COOCH2CH3 to CH2CH3OH
hydrolysis - H2SO4 (AQ), heat OR NaOH (AQ), heat
R-OH to R-O-Na+
Redox - Na (s)
R-OH to R-OCO-R + H2O/HCl (2)
CONDENSATION - RCOOH, Conc. H2SO4 , heat
- RCOCl, Conc. H2SO4 , heat
Tri-iodo form methane test - functional grp, r&c, obsv
Methyl alcohol/carbonyl
I2 (AQ), NaOH (AQ), warm
YELLOW PPT
Tri sub on phenol (bromination)
Br2 (AQ)
Mono sub on phenol (bromination)
Br2 in CCl4, rtp
Tri sub on phenol (nitration)
Conc. HNO3, rtp
Mono sub on phenol (nitration)
HNO3 (AQ), rtp
Benzene ring -OH (phenol) to benzene ring -COOR
Condensation - RCOCl OR RCOBr
Benzene ring - OH (phenol) to benzene ring - O- Na+ (2)
Neutralisation - NaOH (AQ)
Redox - Na (s)
Benzene ring - O-Na+ to Benzene ring - OCOR
Condensation - RCOCl OR RCOBr
2,4-DNPH
CONDENSATION - Test for carbonyls, orange ppt
Aldehyde to COOH
OXIDATION - KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat
Tollen’s reagent
OXIDATION - test for aldehyde, silver mirror formed
Fehling’s solution + warm
OXIDATION - test for aliphatic akdehydes (not directly bonded to benzene ring), brick red ppt
R-COOH to R-COO (ESTER)
Condensation - R-OH, Conc H2SO4, heat
R-COOH to R-COCl
Nucleophilic substitution - PCl5 (g), rtp
R-COCl to R-COO
condensation - R-OH, Conc. H2SO4, heat
R-COO-R’ to RCH2OH + R’-OH
Reduction - LiAlH4 in dry ether
CH3-CN TO CH3CH2NH2
Reduction - LiALH4 in dry ether OR H2,Ni, heat
Benzene ring - NO2 to benzene ring - NH2 (phenylamine)
Reduction - 1. Sn, conc HCl, heat 2. NaOH (AQ)
CH3-CONH2 to CH3-COOH + NH3+
Acidic hydrolysis - H2SO4 (AQ), heat
COOH TO COO- Na+
NaOH (AQ)
COO-Na+ to COOH
H2SO4 (AQ)
CH3CH2-NH2 TO CH3CH2-NHCO-CH3 (amide)
Condensation - CH3COCl
CH3CH2-NH2 TO CH3CH2-NH3+Cl-
Acid base - HCl (AQ)
CH3CH2-NH2 TO CH3CH2-NH3+ CH3CO2-
acid base - CH3CO2H
CH3CH2-NH2 TO CH3CH2-NH-CH3 (step up)
Nucleophilic substitution- CH3Br, heat
Amide to amine
Reduction, LiAlH4 in dry ether
Carbonyl to R-C-OH-CN-R
HCN, Trace NaCN/NaOH (aq), cold
