R Flashcards
alkene —> dihaloalkane
Mechanism
Br2, Cl2, room temp.
EAdd
dihaloalkane —> diol
Aqueous KOH or NaOH, heat under reflux.
NuSub
alkene —> poly(alkene)
High pressure catalyst
alkene —> alcohol
Mechanism
- H2SO4 - EAdd
- Steam - hydrolysis
alkene —> haloalkane
Mechanism
HBr, HCl, room temp.
EAdd
alcohol —> alkene
Mechanism
conc. H2SO4 or conc. H3PO4.
Elimination, Dehydration
haloalkane —> alkene
Mechanism
Hot ethanolic NaOH or KOH.
Reflux
Elimination
alkane —> haloalkane
Equations
Br2, Cl2, UV light
Free radical sub
haloalkane —> alcohol
Mechanism
Aqueous KOH or NaOH.
Heat under reflux.
NuSub
haloalkane —> nitrile
Mechanism
KCN in ethanol.
Heat under reflux.
NuSub
haloalkane —> primary amine
Mechanism
Conc. ethanolic NH3.
Heat under pressure.
NuSub
nitrile —> primary amine
LiAlH4 in dry ether.
Reduction
primary amine —> secondary amine, tertiary amine, quaternary salt
Mechanism
Haloalkane.
NuSub
primary amine —> secondary amide
Acyl chloride, room temp.
Nu add/elim
alcohol —> aldehyde
If primary - (K/Na)2Cr2O7/H+
heat and distill.
Oxidation
alcohol —> ketone
If secondary - (K/Na)2Cr2O7/H+
heat.
Oxidation
aldehyde —> alcohol
Mechanism
NaBH4
Reduction
ketone —> alcohol
Mechanism
NaBH4
Reduction
aldehyde —> carboxylic acid
If primary - (K/Na)2Cr2O7/H+
heat under reflux + excess oxidising agent.
Oxidation
aldehyde/ketone —> hydroxynitrile
Mechanism
NaCN + H2SO4
NuAdd
carboxylic acid —> ester
Alcohol + H2S04
heat.
Esterification
alcohol —> ester
Carboxylic acid + H2SO4
heat.
Esterification
acyl chloride / acid anhydride —> carboxylic acid
Mechanism
H2O room temp
Nu add/elim
acyl chloride / acid anhydride —> ester
Mechanism
Alcohol, room temp.
Nu add/elim
