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R 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the kidneys

A
  1. Regulation of water, inorganic ion balance, and acid-base balance
  2. Removal of metabolic waste products from the blood and their excretion in the urine.
  3. Removal of foreign chemicals from the blood and their excretion in the urine
  4. Production of hormones/enzymes:
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2
Q

the hormones and enzyme produce by the kidney

A

A. Erythropoietin
B. Renin
C. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

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3
Q

function of Erythropoietin

A

hormone that controls erythrocyte production
- Controls RBC production
- Anemia = the people can’t make red blood cell

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4
Q

Renin function

A

enzyme that controls the formation of angiotensin and influences blood pressure and sodium balance

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5
Q

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D function

A

active vitamin That influences calcium balance

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6
Q

the weight of the kidney; is this variable

A

~150 grams each. (size of a fist)
* There’s some variation on the weight of the kidneys depending on the individuals.

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7
Q

how many kidney do we have

A
  • Kidneys are paired organs
  • (We have 2 kidneys (some people are born without kidneys, but they are often perfectly fine with it)
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8
Q

where are found the kidney

A
  • Behind the peritoneum on either side of the vertebral column against the posterior abdominal wall (small of our back)
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9
Q

Renal signification

A

pertaining to the kidneys

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10
Q

Ureter

A

tube that connects the kidney to the bladder

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11
Q

Bladder

A

where the urine is retained until it’s convenient to empty the bladder though the urethra.

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12
Q

urethra size and consequence

A

(is case of male, the urethra is longer; this is why the females gets more urine infection than males)

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13
Q

where is the renal cortex

A

outside

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14
Q

where is the medulla

A

inside

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15
Q

where is going the final urine

A

The final urine is going to the renal pelvis, then to the ureter toward the bladder

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16
Q

are kidney vascularized

A

yes, Kidneys are highly vascularized.

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17
Q

Renal artery

A

going in the kidney (branch of the descending aorta)

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18
Q

renal vein

A

leaving the kidney (go back to the IVC)

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19
Q

position of the renal artery and vein in relation to each other

A

The venous and artery system is running side by side
- the artery is on top of the vein

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20
Q

The ordre of the artery in the kidney

A

1- Interlobar artery
2- Arcuate a.
3- Interlobular a:
4- Afferent arteriole

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21
Q

how is divided the medulla of the kidney

A

in renal pyramids

22
Q

where goes the interlobar a.

A

the medulla is divided into renal pyramids; the interlobar artery go between the pyramids)

23
Q

where goes the arcuate a.

A

reach the junction between the cortex and the medulla = turn perpendicular and run to the border of the cortex and the medulla

24
Q

where goes the afferent arteriole

A

branch in the glomerulus (filtration of the kidney)

25
Q

how many nephrons there is in each kidney

A

Each kidney contains ~1 million subunits called nephrons.

26
Q
  • Each nephron consists of:
A

Renal corpuscle
- Glomerulus (capillary loops)
- Bowman’s capsule

Tubule

27
Q

what is the composition of the renal corpuscle

A
  • Glomerulus + a space surunding by a monolayer of epithelial cells
28
Q

The layers of the Bowman’s space

A

1- visceral layer = composed of podocytes
- facing glomerulus
2- parietal layer

29
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

where the renin secretion occurs (it’s a triangle area surrounded by afferent arterial and this draining arterial = efferent arteriole.

30
Q

Glomerular capillary wall

A
  • Fenestra (window) to the basement membrane to the filtration slits to the capsular space
  • There’s 6-foot process
  • Filtration slits = membrane that connected foot processes
  • large protein should not pass.
31
Q

capillary lumen

A

where the blood is flowing

32
Q

with what is surrounding the capillary lumen

A

is really surrounded by the podocytes

33
Q

podocytes (origin of the name)

A

They are called podocytes, because they have foot or finger process that interdicting with each other tightly surrounding the capillary wall.

34
Q

what makes the filtration?

A

things move from the capillary lumen through the window / fenestra of the endothelial cell to the basement membrane (GBM) and then though the filtration slits and the bowman’s space. (visceral glomerular epithelial cells - podocytes)

35
Q

Glomerulus

A
  • Entangled capillary loops surrounded by Bowman’s capsule
36
Q
  • Capillary wall consists of:
A
  • endothelial cells
  • glomerular basement membrane
  • visceral epithelial cells (podocytes)
37
Q

the function of the glomerulus

A

Glomerulus filters blood to make urine.

38
Q

Consecutive segments of the nephron

A

1- Renal corpuscle =
- glomerulus (C)
- Bowman’s capsule (C)

2- proximal tubule
- proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (C)
- proximal straight tubule (PST) (C/M)

3- Henle’s loop
- Descending thin limb (M)
- Ascending thin limb (M)
- thick ascending limb (M/C)

4- distal convoluted tubule
- Distal convolutes tubule (DCT) (macular densa at the end) (C)

5- collecting duct
- Cortical collecting duct (CCD) (C)
- Medullary collecting duct (MCD) (M)

39
Q

Vascular supply of the nephron

A
  • Kidney: glomeruli = efferent arterioles to the proximal tubule (in the cortex)
  • Goes down to the medulla in the medulla to supply oxygen and nutrients to the deep tubule.
  • Venous that receive waste product.
  • goes back that is next to the interlobular a.
  • Peritubular capillaries = surrunding the tubule that are serving the tubule
40
Q

Three processes of urine formation

A
  1. Glomerular filtration (blood is filtered at the glomerulus into the bowman’s space)
  2. Tubular secretion
  3. Tubular reabsorption
41
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Urine formation begins with the filtration of plasma from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s space (glomerular filtration).
Glomerular filtrate (fluid in Bowman’s space) is cell-free and except for proteins, contains all the substances in plasma in virtually the same concentrations as in plasma.
- Everything that is small can pass (water, electrolytes, wastes)
- Large protein are bounds back by the barrier = stay in the blood
- Then, this is why we don’t see any large protein or cells in the tubule

42
Q

Tubular secretion/reabsorption

A

As the glomerular filtrate passes through the tubules, its composition is altered by movements of substances.

Tubules –> Peritubular capillaries = Reabsorption
Peritubular capillaries –> Tubules = Secretion

43
Q

Formation of urine

A

excreted = filtered + secreted – reabsorbed

44
Q

Are the steps combined?

A

yes
1- The glomerular filtration from the capillary lumen to the Bowman’s space
2- Secretion from the peritubular capillary to the tubular lumen
3- Reabsorption: from the tubule to the peritubular capillary

45
Q

Excreted volume

A

the final elimination in the urine

46
Q

Secretion volume

A

the strict movement from the peritubular capillary to the lumen

47
Q

PAH (para-amino-hippurate)

A
  • rarely - it’s a chemical that estimate the blood flow to the kidney.
  • filter at the glomerulus - peritubular capillary
  • Everything left = secreted in the urine + excrete by the urine
  • Everything that is delivered to the kidney by blood is eliminated or excreted in the urine
48
Q

sodium + water

A
  • in the middle. Some are reabsorb, some secretion, some eliminate (the use difference for homeostasis) = many substances
49
Q

amino acids, glucose

A

tubular lime = complete reabsoption
* something is filtered at the glomerulus and from the tubular lumen, everything goes back to the peritubular capillary

50
Q

The rate of filtration, reabsorption, or secretion

A

is subject to physiological control.

51
Q

what’s happen when the body content of a substance goes above or below normal

A

homeostatic mechanisms can regulate the substance’s bodily balance by changing these rates.

52
Q

what’s happen if a normal person drinks a lot of water,

A

reabsorption of water is decreased and excess water will be excreted in the urine.

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