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CIS II > Quotes/ References > Flashcards

Quotes/ References Flashcards

1
Q

“Everyone, including children are entitled to these rights because they are human”

A

Lecture: Giving Children a Voice

Reference: crae.org.uk

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2
Q

HM Government, 2015

Defining Child Abuse: General

A

“Child Abuse consists of anything which individuals, institutions, or processes do or fail to do which directly or indirectly harms children or damages their prospects of safe and healthy development into adulthood”

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3
Q

HM Government, 2015

Defining Child Abuse: Legal

A

Children Act 1989 refers, in various sections, to the concept that a child:
.. is suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm..
[e.g. s.47(1), s.31(2)]

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4
Q

HM Government, 2015

Defining Child Abuse: Operational

A

“A form of maltreatment of a child. Somebody may abuse or neglect a child by inflicting harm, or by failing to act to prevent harm. Children may be abused in a family or in an institutional or community setting by those known to them or, more rarely, by others (e.g. via the internet). They may be abused by an adult or adults, or another child or children.”

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5
Q

Doyal & Gough

Giving Children a Voice

A

To be deprived of needs results in harm rather than human flourishment

11 intermediate needs satifiers… including security in childhood

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6
Q

“Law is one of the most symbolic signs of legitimacy”

A

Ball & Friedman

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7
Q

What did Eglantyne Jebb draft? (Save the Children)

A

Deceleration of the rights of the child 1923

A series of related children’s rights proclamations

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8
Q

Who endorsed the World Child Welfare Charter?

A

The League of Nations General Assembly, 1924

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9
Q

“There have always been people who have listened, sometimes been people who have heard, and perhaps less often, those who have acted wisely on what children have had to say”

A

Lecture: Giving Children a Voice

Reference: Roberts, 2008

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10
Q

Scholars who believe children learn differently to adults?

Psychological Perspective

A

Piaget, Bandura, Vygotsky

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11
Q

Brofenbrenner (1979)

A 
Bio-ecological model of childhood; the child is influced by the surronding systems-
Microsystem
Meosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chrononsystem
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12
Q

Super & Harkness (1997)

A

2 main principles:
The child’s environment is organised in a non-arbitrary manner as part of cultural system
The child has an inborn disposition which interacts with the environment –> Caretaker psychology, customs & settings

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13
Q

Love and security
New Experiences
Praise and recognition
Responsibility

A

Kelmer Pringle (1974) Basic needs of Western children

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14
Q

Hart’s ladder of participation

A

Made up of 8 rungs of participation - rung 8 (child-imitated) being the highest level of participation

first 3 rungs= Non- Participation (adultism)

Argued which level of participation is the most beneficial

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15
Q

“The last few decades have witnessed a loosening of the connection between fatherhood and masculinity”

A

Gillis

Perspectives of Fatherhood

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16
Q

“Knows far better as a rule what is good for his child than a court of justice can”

A

Collier & Sheldon

Importance of fatherhood- they do know whats best for their child even though court doesn’t always prioritise the father

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17
Q

Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud

A

Boys adopt masculine traits from their father’s because of an unconscious desire for their mother (oedipal complex). Carrying on gender stereotypes throughout history- patriarchal and heterosexual

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18
Q

Developmental Psychology- John Bowlby

A

Attachment theory focuses on mother being the primary caregiver

However, more recent research suggests the father is equally as important (LAMB) and is essential for holistic well being of the child (FARRELL)

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19
Q

Sociology - Talcott Parsons

A

Sex role theory- men are viewed as being a role model and an economic provider
They tend to live up to the roles expected of them in fear of being rejected by society

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20
Q

Foucault (1979) Children & Power

A

Use of power against the smaller, weaker, less powerful members of society

Used to obtain docility, obedience and complienece

To maintain status quo and suppression of minority groups

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21
Q

Chris Grayling, MP

A

“It is to used occasionally… sometimes it sends a message”

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22
Q

Smacking makes children sad and avoidant of adults- they had not learnt that their behaviour was unacceptable

A

Willow & Hyder

Crowley & Vulliamy

DCSF (2007) report- found children became emotionally distant to their parents because they feared them ‘losing their temper’

23
Q

Corporal punishment “constitutes a form if violence against children that wounds their dignity and hence their human rights”

A

The Inter- American Commission on Human Rights (2009)

24
Q

Domestic Violence Definition [Home Office, 2013]

A

“Any incident or pattern of incidents of controlling, coercive, threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 or over who are, or have been, intimate partners or family members regardless of gender or sexuality”

25
Q

The abuse of the child’s parent, which is usually the mother, cannot be separate from the lives of children

A

Hester et al

26
Q

Hester?

Johnson et al?

A

Children were were present in 55% of incidents- often in the same or adjacent room

46% of parents reported exposure compared to 77% reported by children –. What does this suggest?

27
Q

What are the impacts of DV on children?

Who suggests this?

A

Mcgee; Gorin; Mullender- poorer emotional well being, deliquent behaviour, fear, insecurity, self harm

Development issues on social, motor and intellectual skills (impact of stress/ neurochemical imbalance), low-self esteem

Difficulty sleeping/ sleep apnea- related to fear, anxiety and hyper-vigilance (Humphrey)

Self blame (Stanley)

28
Q

Impact of DV on motherhood

A

Radford & Hester- UK survey found some women lost their confidence in mothering, were emotionally drained and had ‘little to give’
The greatest influence being the constant undermining of their ability from the abusive father

29
Q

Adolescent- to- parent violence (APV) constitues to a small but significant problem in UK

A

Condry & Miles- Collected data from one police station over one year

APV= 2000 cases reported (4% of all recorded DV)

30
Q

Parents referred to experiencing what?

A

Being bitten, kicked, battered, thumped and punched- in the throat, head and stomach

In one case at 39 weeks pregnant

[Halt]

31
Q

Impacts of APV

A

mental health issues in parents [Howard & Rottem]
Offending problems in the young person and their siblings [Lawrent & Derry]
Later violence towards intimate partner(s) [LaPorte]
Parental guilt for feelings of hatred towards their child [Halt]

32
Q

What is Obesity?

A

“Obesity is the most prevailing nutritional disorder among children and adults throughout the world”

[Agostoni]

33
Q

Diet

A

Many scholars (including Agostoni and Barlow) have argued that high levels of fat, protein and carbohydrates are positively correlated with obesity

34
Q

Breakfast

A

Consumption of breakfast decreases throughout teenage years, especially among girls and those from low affluent families [World Health Organisation]

Skipping breakfast= more likely to be obese
due to an increased appetite later in the day and a higher tendency to snack; resulting to a greater overall intake [Agostoni]

35
Q

Soft Drinks

A

Sugar-sweetened drinks are high in CHO (A carbohydrate that turns into sugar during digestion) which reduces satiety [Agostoni]

Highest levels among older adolescents, especially girls and low affluent families [World Health Organisation]

Positive correlation between soft drinks and obesity [Malik et al]

36
Q

Lunch Boxes

A

[Food standards agency]

52% = A serving of fruit/ veg
69% = Packet of crisps
58% = Chocolate bar or biscuits
37
Q

Barlow- genetic and obesity?

A

Supports the notion if a genetic influence- Found higher prevalance rates among MZ twins

38
Q

School Based Intervention

A

“Multi-component interventions that combine dietary modification, physical activity and behaviour change” [NICE}

Includes worksheets, educational activities, fruit breaks, school meals, websites, computer tailoring, mass media and newsletters- school, family and community involvement (Perez-Rodrigo et al]

[Gonzalez- Suarez et al] Clinical controlled trials (2007) long-running programmes were effective in the short-term

39
Q

Dermott

A

“Breadwinner model is still important for many men, but increased considerations of childcare and housework in idealised notions of fatherhood”

40
Q

Beckett

A

“Child protection is an organized professional activity”

Children Act 1989, Children Act 2004- Every child matters policy, Safeguarding children and young people

41
Q

Children Act 1989

A

Single piece of legislation that brought together most the law regarding child protection:
eg… Must be in the child’s best interest,
An order must cause less harm than taking no order,
A duty to investigate

Emphasis on CHILDREN IN NEED (of protection)

42
Q

Corby

A

The issues of childhood and child abuse are closely linked- views about status and rights on the child influence how they are treated by adults

Linked to historical views on children (See Aries, De Mause)

43
Q

“We all know a child when we see one”

A

Ambiguity about the age of child abuse- 16? 18?
“We know a children when we see one”- this is not as true with adolescents

CORBY

44
Q

De Mause; Aries

A

“The history of childhood is a nightmare from which we have only recently begun to awaken”

Childhood is only a recent concept- society are still changing their views on children and moving away from maltreat being socially acceptable

45
Q

James & Prout

A

Laboratory Rat- children are lost in a social maze and rely on the guidance of adults. Like the lab rat, children respond passively and conform to external stimuli, and is finally rewarded by becoming social; by becoming adult

46
Q

Socialisation

A

views that children are only accepted into society once they have become adults- mature, rational, moral, competent and autonomous

Childhood is a phase for the socialization process in which they learn the values and behaviours of society

47
Q

Construction of childhood

A

Aries argue that ‘childhood as a concept did not exist’ until the 17th century - children started to be painted in their own painting but were portrayed a miniature adults

Childhood and it’s timeline are ill-defined (Valentine). There are different ages at which an individual is considered an adult, depending on context (Coleman).

UNCRC (a global treatee) defines a child up to the age of 18, but the different countries that have singed the treatee view this age differently

‘youth’ and ‘young person’ is a term generally used to describe those aged 18-25 but has no direct relation to legal classifications of adulthood (Valentine)

48
Q

Childhood is a period of development but also a category of society –> allows direct comparisons across time about the phenomena of childhood rather than the individual

A

Jens Qvorturp

49
Q

NEW SOCIOLOGY

Children are active agents in the construction of their own social lives- “it is also a product of the everyday actions of children themselves”

A

James and James

50
Q

NEW SOCIOLOGY

Argued to be individualistic - “A product of particular times, places and cultures”

A

Montgomery

51
Q

NEW SOCIOLOGY

A

Focus on children as a social category in their own right- but with low status and power,
Socially created rather than biologically driven,
Active participants in the socialization processes which are reciprocal

52
Q

Methods that promote choice and autonomy, and are characterized by parental explanations and minimal use of power are generally found to be more effective at facilitating child moral internalization

A

Grusec & Goodnow

Kochanska & Thompson

Kuczynski &Hildebrandt

53
Q

Physical discipline has been found to be associated with more problematic child outcomes, such as child antisocial behaviour

A

Farrington & Hawkins

Gershoff

Straus

CIS II (1 decks)

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