Quotes/ References Flashcards
“Everyone, including children are entitled to these rights because they are human”
Lecture: Giving Children a Voice
Reference: crae.org.uk
HM Government, 2015
Defining Child Abuse: General
“Child Abuse consists of anything which individuals, institutions, or processes do or fail to do which directly or indirectly harms children or damages their prospects of safe and healthy development into adulthood”
HM Government, 2015
Defining Child Abuse: Legal
Children Act 1989 refers, in various sections, to the concept that a child:
.. is suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm..
[e.g. s.47(1), s.31(2)]
HM Government, 2015
Defining Child Abuse: Operational
“A form of maltreatment of a child. Somebody may abuse or neglect a child by inflicting harm, or by failing to act to prevent harm. Children may be abused in a family or in an institutional or community setting by those known to them or, more rarely, by others (e.g. via the internet). They may be abused by an adult or adults, or another child or children.”
Doyal & Gough
Giving Children a Voice
To be deprived of needs results in harm rather than human flourishment
11 intermediate needs satifiers… including security in childhood
“Law is one of the most symbolic signs of legitimacy”
Ball & Friedman
What did Eglantyne Jebb draft? (Save the Children)
Deceleration of the rights of the child 1923
A series of related children’s rights proclamations
Who endorsed the World Child Welfare Charter?
The League of Nations General Assembly, 1924
“There have always been people who have listened, sometimes been people who have heard, and perhaps less often, those who have acted wisely on what children have had to say”
Lecture: Giving Children a Voice
Reference: Roberts, 2008
Scholars who believe children learn differently to adults?
Psychological Perspective
Piaget, Bandura, Vygotsky
Brofenbrenner (1979)
Bio-ecological model of childhood; the child is influced by the surronding systems- Microsystem Meosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chrononsystem
Super & Harkness (1997)
2 main principles:
The child’s environment is organised in a non-arbitrary manner as part of cultural system
The child has an inborn disposition which interacts with the environment –> Caretaker psychology, customs & settings
Love and security
New Experiences
Praise and recognition
Responsibility
Kelmer Pringle (1974) Basic needs of Western children
Hart’s ladder of participation
Made up of 8 rungs of participation - rung 8 (child-imitated) being the highest level of participation
first 3 rungs= Non- Participation (adultism)
Argued which level of participation is the most beneficial
“The last few decades have witnessed a loosening of the connection between fatherhood and masculinity”
Gillis
Perspectives of Fatherhood
“Knows far better as a rule what is good for his child than a court of justice can”
Collier & Sheldon
Importance of fatherhood- they do know whats best for their child even though court doesn’t always prioritise the father
Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud
Boys adopt masculine traits from their father’s because of an unconscious desire for their mother (oedipal complex). Carrying on gender stereotypes throughout history- patriarchal and heterosexual
Developmental Psychology- John Bowlby
Attachment theory focuses on mother being the primary caregiver
However, more recent research suggests the father is equally as important (LAMB) and is essential for holistic well being of the child (FARRELL)
Sociology - Talcott Parsons
Sex role theory- men are viewed as being a role model and an economic provider
They tend to live up to the roles expected of them in fear of being rejected by society
Foucault (1979) Children & Power
Use of power against the smaller, weaker, less powerful members of society
Used to obtain docility, obedience and complienece
To maintain status quo and suppression of minority groups
Chris Grayling, MP
“It is to used occasionally… sometimes it sends a message”
Smacking makes children sad and avoidant of adults- they had not learnt that their behaviour was unacceptable
Willow & Hyder
Crowley & Vulliamy
DCSF (2007) report- found children became emotionally distant to their parents because they feared them ‘losing their temper’
Corporal punishment “constitutes a form if violence against children that wounds their dignity and hence their human rights”
The Inter- American Commission on Human Rights (2009)
Domestic Violence Definition [Home Office, 2013]
“Any incident or pattern of incidents of controlling, coercive, threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 or over who are, or have been, intimate partners or family members regardless of gender or sexuality”
The abuse of the child’s parent, which is usually the mother, cannot be separate from the lives of children
Hester et al
Hester?
Johnson et al?
Children were were present in 55% of incidents- often in the same or adjacent room
46% of parents reported exposure compared to 77% reported by children –. What does this suggest?
What are the impacts of DV on children?
Who suggests this?
Mcgee; Gorin; Mullender- poorer emotional well being, deliquent behaviour, fear, insecurity, self harm
Development issues on social, motor and intellectual skills (impact of stress/ neurochemical imbalance), low-self esteem
Difficulty sleeping/ sleep apnea- related to fear, anxiety and hyper-vigilance (Humphrey)
Self blame (Stanley)
Impact of DV on motherhood
Radford & Hester- UK survey found some women lost their confidence in mothering, were emotionally drained and had ‘little to give’
The greatest influence being the constant undermining of their ability from the abusive father
Adolescent- to- parent violence (APV) constitues to a small but significant problem in UK
Condry & Miles- Collected data from one police station over one year
APV= 2000 cases reported (4% of all recorded DV)
Parents referred to experiencing what?
Being bitten, kicked, battered, thumped and punched- in the throat, head and stomach
In one case at 39 weeks pregnant
[Halt]
Impacts of APV
mental health issues in parents [Howard & Rottem]
Offending problems in the young person and their siblings [Lawrent & Derry]
Later violence towards intimate partner(s) [LaPorte]
Parental guilt for feelings of hatred towards their child [Halt]
What is Obesity?
“Obesity is the most prevailing nutritional disorder among children and adults throughout the world”
[Agostoni]
Diet
Many scholars (including Agostoni and Barlow) have argued that high levels of fat, protein and carbohydrates are positively correlated with obesity
Breakfast
Consumption of breakfast decreases throughout teenage years, especially among girls and those from low affluent families [World Health Organisation]
Skipping breakfast= more likely to be obese
due to an increased appetite later in the day and a higher tendency to snack; resulting to a greater overall intake [Agostoni]
Soft Drinks
Sugar-sweetened drinks are high in CHO (A carbohydrate that turns into sugar during digestion) which reduces satiety [Agostoni]
Highest levels among older adolescents, especially girls and low affluent families [World Health Organisation]
Positive correlation between soft drinks and obesity [Malik et al]
Lunch Boxes
[Food standards agency]
52% = A serving of fruit/ veg 69% = Packet of crisps 58% = Chocolate bar or biscuits
Barlow- genetic and obesity?
Supports the notion if a genetic influence- Found higher prevalance rates among MZ twins
School Based Intervention
“Multi-component interventions that combine dietary modification, physical activity and behaviour change” [NICE}
Includes worksheets, educational activities, fruit breaks, school meals, websites, computer tailoring, mass media and newsletters- school, family and community involvement (Perez-Rodrigo et al]
[Gonzalez- Suarez et al] Clinical controlled trials (2007) long-running programmes were effective in the short-term
Dermott
“Breadwinner model is still important for many men, but increased considerations of childcare and housework in idealised notions of fatherhood”
Beckett
“Child protection is an organized professional activity”
Children Act 1989, Children Act 2004- Every child matters policy, Safeguarding children and young people
Children Act 1989
Single piece of legislation that brought together most the law regarding child protection:
eg… Must be in the child’s best interest,
An order must cause less harm than taking no order,
A duty to investigate
Emphasis on CHILDREN IN NEED (of protection)
Corby
The issues of childhood and child abuse are closely linked- views about status and rights on the child influence how they are treated by adults
Linked to historical views on children (See Aries, De Mause)
“We all know a child when we see one”
Ambiguity about the age of child abuse- 16? 18?
“We know a children when we see one”- this is not as true with adolescents
CORBY
De Mause; Aries
“The history of childhood is a nightmare from which we have only recently begun to awaken”
Childhood is only a recent concept- society are still changing their views on children and moving away from maltreat being socially acceptable
James & Prout
Laboratory Rat- children are lost in a social maze and rely on the guidance of adults. Like the lab rat, children respond passively and conform to external stimuli, and is finally rewarded by becoming social; by becoming adult
Socialisation
views that children are only accepted into society once they have become adults- mature, rational, moral, competent and autonomous
Childhood is a phase for the socialization process in which they learn the values and behaviours of society
Construction of childhood
Aries argue that ‘childhood as a concept did not exist’ until the 17th century - children started to be painted in their own painting but were portrayed a miniature adults
Childhood and it’s timeline are ill-defined (Valentine). There are different ages at which an individual is considered an adult, depending on context (Coleman).
UNCRC (a global treatee) defines a child up to the age of 18, but the different countries that have singed the treatee view this age differently
‘youth’ and ‘young person’ is a term generally used to describe those aged 18-25 but has no direct relation to legal classifications of adulthood (Valentine)
Childhood is a period of development but also a category of society –> allows direct comparisons across time about the phenomena of childhood rather than the individual
Jens Qvorturp
NEW SOCIOLOGY
Children are active agents in the construction of their own social lives- “it is also a product of the everyday actions of children themselves”
James and James
NEW SOCIOLOGY
Argued to be individualistic - “A product of particular times, places and cultures”
Montgomery
NEW SOCIOLOGY
Focus on children as a social category in their own right- but with low status and power,
Socially created rather than biologically driven,
Active participants in the socialization processes which are reciprocal
Methods that promote choice and autonomy, and are characterized by parental explanations and minimal use of power are generally found to be more effective at facilitating child moral internalization
Grusec & Goodnow
Kochanska & Thompson
Kuczynski &Hildebrandt
Physical discipline has been found to be associated with more problematic child outcomes, such as child antisocial behaviour
Farrington & Hawkins
Gershoff
Straus
