quizzes Flashcards
1
Q
____ is a broad term for abnormal tissues in the oral cavity including wounds, sores and any other tissues caused by injury or disease
A
lesions
2
Q
a ___ diagnosis is based on the appearance of the lesion, including the color, size, shape, and location
A
clinical
3
Q
____ are excellent in providing information not seen clinically i.e periodical pathology
A
radiographic images
4
Q
microscopic diagnosis involved observation of removed tissue under a microscope and provides ….
A
differential diagnosis
5
Q
a final diagnosis is considered being…
A
definitive
6
Q
a ____ removes a sample of tissue to be examined microscopically by a pathologist
A
biopsy
7
Q
surgical removal of only a sample of the lesion for microscopic examination is a/an
A
incisional biopsy
8
Q
a ___ biopsy is a convenient method for performing incisional biopsies
A
punch
9
Q
the easiest, most tolerated form of biopsy is…
A
oral brush
10
Q
early detection of precancerous and cancerous oral mucosal lesions in an indication for
A
excisional biopsy
11
Q
Only a ____ or _____ may diagnose pathologic (disease) conditions,
A
dentist or physician
12
Q
Examples of conditions diagnosed on the basis of clinical appearance are
A
Fissured tongue
Maxillary and mandibular tori
Median rhomboid glossitis
13
Q
Radiographic images are excellent in providing information about
A
Periapical pathology
Internal resorption
Impacted teeth
14
Q
how is the patients chief complaint recorded
A
in their own words
15
Q
Purpose of inflammation is to
A
destroy the irritating agent and remove it and its by-products from the body
16
Q
Inflammation is the mechanism for
A
repair or replacement of tissues damaged by causative agents
17
Q
acute inflammation is associated with
A
pain
18
Q
chronic inflammation is associated a
A
slow, ongoing process associated w/o pain
19
Q
signs of Inflammation
A
redness, heat, pain, edema(swelling)
20
Q
During the repair process, destroyed cells and tissues are replaced with
A
live cells and new tissue
21
Q
Lesions that extend below the mucosal surface
A
Ulver, erosion abscess, cyst
22
Q
lesions that extend above the mucosal surface
A
blisters/vesicles, pustule, hematoma, plaque
23
Q
lesions that are even with the mucosal surface
A
ecchymosis( bruising ), petechiae
24
Q
raised or flat lesions
A
granuloma, nodules, tumors/neoplasms
25
a vesicle is ....
a fluid filled lesion extending above the mucosal surface
26
Oral mucosal lesions can appear white because of
Thickening of the epithelium (acanthosis)
Production of excess keratin (hyperkeratosis)
Accumulation of surface organisms or debris (pseudomembranes)
27
a white adherent lesion of the mucosal surface which will not rub off is
leukoplakia
28
leukoedema
an accumulation of fluid within individual epithelial cells occurring on the buccal mucosa
29
fordyces granules
a developmental variation caused by an accumulation of sebaceous glands
30
candidiasis
an infection of the oral mucosa caused by fungus that won't rub off
31
lichen planus
adherent interlacing, white striations known as whickhams striae
32
the microorganism most responsible for leukoplakia is
epstein-barr virus
33
nicotinic stomatitis
diffuse, white thickening in the palatal mucosa with elevated papule each with a red central depression
34
Frictional Keratosis
Chronic irritation of low intensity stimulates thickening of the epithelium with production of excess keratin (hyperkeratosis)
35
Smoking Related Leukoplakia
Chronic exposure to the chemical carcinogens generated by burning tobacco
36
Actinic Cheilitis
Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight
37
oral lesions of the mucosa can appear red b.c
epithelium is thinner than normal
38
angular chelitis
is an infection of the mucosa at the corners of the mouth that is red, and caused by loss of vertical dimensions
39
circumscribed erythematous patches encircled with elevated hyperkeratotic(white) margins is a clinical sign of
actinic chelitis
40
an apthous ulcer is also known as a
canker sore
41
apthous ulcers occur on
non-keratinized, movable mucosa
42
Erythroplakia
Chronic exposure to carcinogenic components of tobacco smoke
| Chronic alcohol exposure
43
Recurrent herpes is synonymous with
cold sore and fever blister
44
lesions of recurrent herpes occur on
keratinized, fixed mucosa
45
syphilis is a std caused by
treponema pallidum
46
hutchinson incisors and mulberry molars are associated with
maternal syphilis
47
syphilis is also known as
chancer
48
oral lesions occurring secondarily to a chronic pulmonary(lung) infection
tuberculosis
49
an oral lesion characterized by crater form ulcerations of the interdental papillae is
necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, trench mouth, Vincent infection
50
____ lives dormant in the _____ to produce vesicular lesions on the perioral skin or oral mucosa
herpes virus; trigeminal ganglion
51
Atrophic Glossitis
In absence of B12 or iron, papillae on dorsal of tongue fail to mature
Chronic dry mouth
Dietary deficiency
Poor absorption of nutritional components
52
Median Rhomboid Glossitis
Now considered a clinical manifestation of chronic erythematous candidiasis
53
Aphthous Ulcers
Immunologic defect in which immune mechanisms damage oral mucosa
Physical and emotional stress
54
Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
Acute infection with herpes simplex virus (Type 1 Herpes)
Individual with no previous exposure
Virus spread by direct contact with contaminated saliva
55
Recurrent Herpes
Virus leaves trigeminal ganglion and travels down a branch of the trigeminal nerve to produce recurrent lesions on perioral skin or oral mucosa
56
Herpes Zoster aka shingles
Recurrent infection caused by Varicella Zoster Virus
| Initial infection in an individual with no previous exposure is called varicella zoster (chickenpox)
57
Periodontal disease
- can cause a breakdown of the periodontium, resulting in loss of tissue attachment and destruction of the alveolar bone.
- involve the structures of the periodontium.
- is an infectious disease process that involves inflammation.
58
Signs and Symptoms of Periodontal Disease
- Gingiva that bleeds during tooth brushing or flossing
- Red, soft, swollen and tender gingiva
- Pus between teeth and gums (gingiva)
- Loose or separating teeth
- Receding gums
- Change in the fit of partials/shifting teeth
- Pain or pressure when chewing
- Persistent bad breath
59
Prevalence of Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.
Almost 75% of American adults have some form of periodontal disease, and most are unaware of the condition.
60
Chronic inflammatory periodontal disease may significantly affect
health conditions such as coronary heart disease, stroke, or preterm birth.
61
Certain systemic conditions increase
- the patient’s susceptibility to periodontal disease
| - a patient’s susceptibility to certain systemic conditions
62
Periodontal Disease and Systemic Health can cause
- Cardiovascular disease
- Preterm low birth weight
- Respiratory disease
63
Generalized Gingival Enlargement
```
May be hereditary
Hormonal imbalances
Puberty
Pregnancy
Drug therapy
Dilantin
```
64
Periodontitis aka Pyorrhea
An inflammatory and destructive disease involving the soft tissue and bone support of the teeth.
Localized: less than 30% of mouth affected
Generalized: more than 30%
65
seven basic case types of periodontal disease.
Chronic Periodontitis
- Sight or Early Periodontitis
- Moderate Periodontitis
- Severe or Advanced Periodontitis
66
seven basic case types of periodontal disease.
II. Aggressive Periodontitis
4. Prepubertal Periodontitis
5. Juvenile Periodontitis
67
seven basic case types of periodontal disease.
Necrotizing Periodontal Disease
6. Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG)
7. Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis (NUP)
68
Juvenile Periodontitis
- A chronic degenerative disease
- Characterized by the bone loss, migration and loosening of teeth in the absence of inflammation
- This is followed by destruction of the periodontium and loss of teeth
69
Two types of juvenile periodontitis
- Localized or classic
- -Involves only the First Permanent Molars and Incisors
- Generalized
- -Involves most of the other teeth
70
Periodontal Pocket
- A pathologically deepened gingival sulcus
- One of the most important clinical features of periodontal disease
- Pocket formation starts as an inflammatory change in the connective tissue wall within the gingival sulcus
- Caused by microorganisms and their products
71
Periodontal Abscess
- May form in a periodontal pocket; however, tooth vitality is not usually affected
- Periodontal involvement can cause
- -Toothache
- -Mobility
- -Eventual loss of teeth
72
Bone Loss
Caused by chronic destructive periodontal disease
73
Bone destruction is caused primarily by
local factors (plaque and calculus) that causes gingival inflammation and also by trauma from occlusion
74
Pericoronitis
- An inflammatory process occurring in the gingival flap of tissue found over a partially erupted tooth
- Most frequent site is around 2nd and 3rd molars
75
Pericoronitis
Flap makes ideal pocket for debris to accumulate and bacterial incubation to occur
Tissue may become traumatized by chewing
Results in pain, swelling and/or infection
Symptoms may include sore throat and difficulty swallowing
76
Amalgam Tattoo
- Oral mucosal would with amalgam particles
| - Secondary to dental restorative treatment
77
Black Hairy Tongue
- Excessive keratin causes elongation of filiform papillae on the dorsal tongue
- Keratin becomes pigmented by
- -Bacteria
- -Tobacco
- -Beverages and food
- May be infected with Candida albicans
78
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Etiology
- Malignancy of blood vessels
- Cytomegalovirus a possible cause
- Component of AIDS
Visual Cues:
-Bluish-purple macule, plaque or nodule
79
Papillary Hyperplasia
Etiology:
- Prolonged wearing of dentures
- Candida albicans may be contributory
Visual cues:
-Produces red, pebbly appearance of the mucosa
80
Epulis Fissuratum(Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia)
Over extension of the denture border
81
Irritation Fibroma
Trauma i.e. accidental biting
82
Inherited disorders
Different from developmental
Caused by an abnormal gene in the individual
Are transmitted from parent to child through egg or sperm
83
Congenital disorders
Are present at birth
Can be either inherited or developmental
Exact cause is unknown
84
Exostosis
A benign bony growth projecting outward from the surface of a bone
Intra-orally located on the buccal surface of bone
85
Torus Palatinus
A bony overgrowth in the midline of the hard palate
86
Torus Mandibularis
A bony overgrowth of bone on the lingual aspect of the mandible
87
Cleft lip results when the
maxillary and medial nasal processes fail to fuse
88
Cleft Palate results when the
palatal shelves fail to fuse
89
A cleft uvula is the
mildest form of cleft palate
90
A cleft palate , with or without cleft lip, occurs in
1 per 2500 live births
91
Ankyloglossia aka tongue tied
Results in a short lingual frenum that extends to the apex of the tongue
92
Bifid Tongue
- Results from the lateral halves of the tongue not fusing during development
- tongue splitting
93
Anodontia
-A congenital absence of teeth
-May affect primary, permanent dentition or both
-Teeth most often involved are third molars, followed by
Maxillary lateral incisors
Second premolars
94
Supernumerary Teeth
Any teeth in excess of the normal 32 permanent teeth
95
Dens-in-dente
“Tooth within a tooth”
96
Hutchinson’s Incisors
Variety of “peg-shaped” teeth
Associated with Maternal Syphilis
Also associated with mulberry molars
97
Fusion
Joining together of dentin and enamel of two or more separately developing teeth
98
Gemination
An attempt by the tooth bud to divide
| When attempt is unsuccessful an incisal notch indicates it
99
Impaction
designate any tooth that remains unerupted in the jaws beyond normal eruption time
100
Ankylosis
- are deciduous teeth in which the bone has fused to cementum and dentin
- Deciduous molars are most often affected.
101
Hypercementosis
Abnormally thickening of cementum
| Can be local or general
102
Avulsed Teeth
Teeth which have been knocked completely out of the alveolus
103
Dental Caries
A disease initiated by microbial activity involving the hard portion of teeth
104
Cavities
The open lesion in teeth resulting from the disintegration of enamel, dentin and cementum
105
Decay
The destructive process of dental caries
106
Streptococcus mutans
The main bacteria responsible for dental caries and tooth decay
107
Incipient Caries
A decalcified area that has not progressed beyond this stage
108
Arrested Caries
A carious lesion that does not show any marked tendency for further progression
109
Recurrent Caries
Decay occurring beneath the margin of an existing dental restoration
110
Dental Fluorosis
Results from: excess fluoride present during tooth development and in brown stains “pitting” or “mottled” enamel surfaces
111
Amelogenesis impefecta
A hereditary abnormality characterized by defects in the formation of enamel.
112
Hypocalcification
is the incomplete calcification or hardening of the enamel
113
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
- A hereditary condition that affects dentin formation.
- Found in both primary and permanent dentition
- Teeth have a opalescent almost amber color
114
Attrition
Excessive wear of teeth due to either bruxism, chewing tobacco, gum or other oral habits
115
two types of attrition
```
Physiologic attrition (wear)- natural mastication
Pathologic attrition - abnormal function or position of teeth
```
116
Abrasion
Pathologic wearing away of dental hard tissue substance by the friction of a foreign body independent of occlusion
-ex: tooth brush abrasion
117
Erosion
- A mostly superficial loss of dental hard tissue by a Chemical Process that does not involve bacteria
- It’s usually located on the gingival third of the facial surface of teeth esp. maxillary incisors
- May be idiopathic or may be caused by a known acid source
118
Oral- facial Piercing
Piercing your tongue may lead to nerve damage and cause a speech impediment
119
disadvantages of facial piercings
- Barbell balls can cause gum and tooth damage
- Tongue piercing can lead to infection of the tongue, neck and brain; even life threatening infections such as hepatitis and inflammation of the heart
- Laberets/dumbells can damage teeth, gingiva and supporting bone, and may result in significant facial scarring
- Piercings on the lip and face can lead to facial scarring
120
Meth Mouth
Devastating effects of meth use occurs orally
| Rampant caries mostly on buccal smooth surfaces and interproximal surfaces of anterior teeth
121
Oral Cancer
One of the 10 most frequently occurring cancers in the world!
The vermillion border of the lip is the most common site in the U. S.
In early stages, most oral cancer is not painful
Frequently fatal if not detected early or left untreated
122
A Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm (growth) of the epithelium that tends to invade the surrounding bone and connective tissue
Neck and cervical lymph nodes
Occurs on lips, tongue, cheeks and floor of mouth
Usually appears first as white or ulcerated lesion
123
An Adenocarcinoma
A malignant tumor that comes from the glands underlying the oral mucosa
Appears clinically as a lump or bulge beneath normal mucosa
124
A Sarcoma
A malignant neoplasm that comes from supportive and connective tissue such as bone
125
Osteosarcoma is a
malignant tumor of bone
126
Squamous Cell Carcinoma etiology
Squamous epithelial origin
```
Risk factors :
Tobacco
Alcohol
Solar radiation
Genetic predisposition
Nutritional deficiency
Immunosuppression
Infections
```
127
Squamous Cell Carcinoma visual cues
-Deep-seated ulcerated mass
-Fungating ulcerated mass
Ulcer margins commonly elevated
Adjacent tissues commonly firm to palpation (indurated)
May be residual leukoplakia and/or erythroplakia
Continuous enlargement
More common in adult males
Local pain, referred pain (often to ear),
Paresthesia (often to lower lip)
128
Oral Cancer Warning Signs
Any sore in the mouth that does not heal
Any lump or swelling on the neck, lips or oral cavity
White or rough-textured lesions on the lips or oral cavity
Numbness in or around the oral cavity
Dryness in the mouth for no apparent reason
Burning sensation or soreness in the oral cavity for no apparent reason
Repeated bleeding in a specific area of the oral cavity for no apparent reason
Difficulty speaking chewing or swallowing
129
HIV and AIDS
AIDS is the end stage of the disease HIV
| Oral lesions develop as a result of compromised immune system
130
Oral manifestations of hiv/aids include
HIV gingivitis and periodontitis
Cervical Lymphadenophy
Candidiasis
Hairy Leukoplakia
131
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
The joint on each side of the head that allows movement of the mandible
Provides speech and mastication
132
TMJ Components
The Glenoid Fossa
The Articular Eminence
The Condyloid Process (Condyles)
133
The Condyloid Process (Condyles)
Boney projection of the mandible which lies within the glenoid fossa
134
The Articular Eminence
Raised portion of the temporal bone just anterior to the glenoid fossa
135
The Glenoid Fossa
Lined by fibrous connective tissue
Oval depression in the temporal bone
Anterior to the external auditory meatus
136
The TMJ performs by two types of movement.
Hinge Action and gliding movement
137
Symptoms ofTMJ Disorders
A multitude of symptoms may present with TMD which includes but are not limited to:
Pain
Joint Sounds
Limitations in Movement
