Quizzes Flashcards
How can you check whether data are normally distributed?
Plot a histogram
When should one use the Wilcoxon matched-pairs test?
When you have non-parametric data, 2 conditions and a within-participants design
What research design can be used to measure cohort effects?
Longitudinal-sequential design
One of the major achievements of Piaget’s sensori-motor stage is the development of the concept of
object permanence
The speed of processing hypothesis states that infants who habituate with a short total looking time
process information quickly
Piaget claimed that the Three-Mountains task showed that 6-year-old children
are egocentric thinkers
Brenda is shown two short, wide, transparent cylinders that contain equal amounts of water. The researcher now pours the liquid from one cylinder into a tall, thin cylinder. Brenda is asked which contained has more liquid, and she replies that the tall container has more, indicating a developmental error also known as an inability to
conserve
According to Piaget, at about age 2, children enter the ____________ stage in which they represent the world symbolically through words and mental images, but do not yet understand basic mental operations or rules necessary for scientific thinking
Pre-operational
Suppose that 3-year-old Hamish is able to build a tower, four blocks tall without assistance. However, with his mother’s verbal and gestural prompts, he is able to build a tower eight bricks tall. According to Vygotsky, this demonstrates:
scaffolding in the zone of proximal development
When should one use Friedman’s rank test?
When you have non-parametric data, more than 2 conditions and a within-participants design.
You investigate whether anxiety is higher among first year or second year students. A histogram shows that your data are NOT normally distributed. Which statistical test should you use to test whether there is a difference in anxiety between the two years?
Mann-Whitney U Test
You would like to perform a one-way independent samples ANOVA on your dataset, but the data are not normally distributed. Therefore, you must perform a non-parametric test. What is the non-parametric equivalent of the one-way independent samples ANOVA?
Kruskal-Wallis Test
Why are non-parametric tests less affected by outliers than parametric tests?
Non-parametric tests use ranked data rather than interval data.
In order to calculate the Pearson’s correlation coefficient for two variables, what type of scale must be used when measuring each of the two variables?
Interval
In regression analysis, what is a ‘residual’?
The difference between the Y value of an actual case and the Y value that that case would take if it was lying on the regression line.
In regression analysis, what does the ‘slope’ (or ‘regression coefficient’) represent?
The number of units that the regression line moves on the Y-axis for each unit it moves on the X-axis.
Which theorist hypothesized that children are born with a language acquisition device?
Chomsky
Children’s first words most commonly refer to what?
Concrete objects
From which age does cooing typically begin to appear?
1-2 months
The visual cliff experiment was ORIGINALLY designed to measure:
infant’s depth perception
Mirror neurons have been DIRECTLY observed in:
monkey brains
The quality of attachment might be expressed by:
secure base behaviour, avoidance, ambivalence
Infant’s expecting a fair outcome are hypothesised to visually fixate on:
Unfair outcomes
If we conduct a Pearson’s correlation test between two variables and calculate a value for r which we find to be statistically significant (with p< 0.05), we can infer that:
the probability that our sample has a value as large as r when there is no correlation between the variables in the whole population is less than 5%
