QUIZZES Flashcards
_________ are perceptual experiences that take place without an outside stimulus while _________ are fixed beliefs that remain unchanged despite conflicting evidence.
* Delusions, disorganized thinking
* Delusions, hallucinations
* Hallucinations, disorganized thinking
* Hallucinations, delusions
Hallucinations, delusions
According to the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-5 (2013), the most frequent subtype of delusional disorder is:
* Persecutory subtype
* Jealous subtype
* Erotomanic subtype
* Grandiose subtype
persecutory subtype
Which of the following was not a theme in the article “Voice hearing within the context of hearers’ social words: An interpretative phenomenological analysis’ by Mawson et al. (2011)?
* Person and voice
* Voices changing and confirming relationship with the self
* A battle for control
* Voices creating closeness in social relationships
voices creating closeness in social relationship
Which of the following substances has been most implicated in inducing longstanding psychotic disorders according to the DSM-5?
* Cannabis
* Alcohol
* Cocaine
* Psycobilli
Cannabis
What is the importance of person-first language according to Schiffman et al. (2019)?
* Demonstrating the humanity, dignity, and positive attributes of individuals with mental health concerns is critical in recovery-oriented mental health care
* Person-first language does not conflate the individual with their condition, but instead recognizes the humanity of the individual first
* The American Psychological Association requires all clinical psychologists and researchers to use person-first language in order to ensure that the humanity of clients and participants is recognized. The consequences are license suspension.
* A & B
- Demonstrating the humanity, dignity, and positive attributes of individuals with mental health concerns is critical in recovery-oriented mental health care &
- Person-first language does not conflate the individual with their condition, but instead recognizes the humanity of the individual first
Based on your reading, “Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders” by Schiffman et al. (2019), which of the following is false?
* Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disease with genetics contributing about 70-90% of the variation in the disorder
* The prevalence of the illness among first-degree relatives is super high (99% concordance in monozygotic twins, 25% among other siblings, and 30% among offspring)
* Individuals who develop a psychotic disorder in their lifetime are approximately 3x more likely to have been exposed to childhood adversity
* Genome-wide association studies have found that there is no specific gene that leads to the development of psychosis
The prevalence of the illness among first-degree relatives is super high (99% concordance in monozygotic twins, 25% among other siblings, and 30% among offspring)
Which of the following is not a key feature of psychotic disorders?
* Delusions
* Hallucinations
* Excessive crying
* Abnormal Motor Behavior
excessive crying
Which of the following statements is false based on the reading “Categorical versus dimensional approaches of early psychosis” by Phalen et al. (2021)?
* Dimensional measures of psychosis symptom severity were a better predictor of functional outcomes than categorical approaches
* Categorical approaches do have benefits as diagnoses are currently critical for insurance coverage
* Categorical measures and dimensional measures proved to be equivalent in the predictiveness of functional outcomes for clients
* A dimensional approach can inform treatment decisions for people with psychosis and can be used to track fluctuations in symptom severity over time
Categorical measures and dimensional measures proved to be equivalent in the predictiveness of functional outcomes for clients
According to “Epidemiology of Schizophrenia” by Jablensky (2000), the onset of schizophrenia is typically defined as the point in time that
* Cerebral dysfunction onsets
* Biochemical lesions onset
* Clinical manifestations become apparent
* An individual is receives treatment for the first time for the disorder
clinical manifestation become apparent
What was the main conclusion of the article “Childhood Videotaped Social and Neuromotor Precursors of Schizophrenia” by Schiffman et al. (2004)?
* Social and neuromotor deficits in children who develop psychosis later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
* Social deficits and an excess of neuromotor activity in children who develop psychosis later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
* Social, but not neuromotor, deficits in childhood in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
* Neuromotor, but not social, deficits in childhood in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Social and neuromotor deficits in children who develop psychosis later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
There is only one psychotic disorder that manifests the same way for everyone.
True or False
False
What is the SIPS?
* The SIPS is a dimensional self-report measure given to clients to determine the severity of their positive symptoms
* The SIPS is a self-report measure that clients fill out and clinicians make a diagnosis based on clients’ answers
* The SIPS is a structured interview for comorbid anxiety disorders.
* The SIPS is a semi-structured clinical interview for classifying people at low risk, people at CHR for psychosis, and people with a psychotic disorder.
The SIPS is a semi-structured clinical interview for classifying people at low risk, people at CHR for psychosis, and people with a psychotic disorder.
According to “Epidemiology of Schizophrenia” by Jablensky (2000), the onset of schizophrenia is typically defined as the point in time that:
* Clinical manifestations become apparent
* Cerebral dysfunction onsets
* Biochemical lesions onset
* An individual is receives treatment for the first time for the disorder
Clinical manifestations become apparent
Which of the following is true in regards to sex differences in schizophrenia manifestation according to Jablensky (2000)?
* Women tend to have worse premorbid functioning
* Brain abnormalities less frequently occur in men
* Schizophrenia tends to manifest earlier in men than women
* Women have a lower percentage of remitting course of the disorder
Schizophrenia tends to manifest earlier in men than women
According to Jablensky (2000), which of the following are risk factors for the development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders later in life?
* Perinatal brain damage
* Early CNS infection (particularly Coxsackie B5 meningitis in the neonatal period)
* Poor premorbid social adjustment
* All of the above
- All the above
- Perinatal brain damage
- Early CNS infection (particularly Coxsackie B5 meningitis in the neonatal period)
- Poor premorbid social adjustment
Which of the following is a psychosis-spectrum disorder?
* Delusional disorder
* Brief psychotic disorder
* Schizoaffective disorder
* All of the above
- All the above
- Delusional disorder
- Brief psychotic disorder
- Schizoaffective disorder
Which of the following are often considered “positive symptoms” of psychosis?
* Hallucinations
* Delusions
* Sometimes disorganization
* All of the above
All the above
* Sometimes disorganization
* Delusions
* Hallucinations
What was the main conclusion of the article “Childhood Videotaped Social and Neuromotor Precursors of Schizophrenia” by Schiffman et al. (2004)?
* Social and neuromotor deficits in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
* Social deficits and an excess of neuromotor activity in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
* Social, but not neuromotor, behaviors in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
* Neuromotor, but not social, behaviors in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Social and neuromotor deficits in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
At what age do a majority of individuals with schizophrenia manifest the illness?
* Young adulthood (2nd or 3rd decade of life)
* Birth and infancy
* Adolescence
* Older adulthood (65+)
Young adulthood (2nd or 3rd decade of life)
Which of the following statements is false based on the reading “Categorical versus dimensional approaches of early psychosis” by Phalen et al. (2021)?
* Categorical measures and dimensional measures proved to be equivalent in predictiveness of functional outcomes for clients
* Categorical approaches do have benefits as diagnoses are currently critical for insurance coverage.
* Dimensional measures of psychosis symptom severity were a better predictor of functional outcomes than categorical approaches.
* A dimensional approach can inform treatment decisions for people with psychosis and can be used to track fluctuations in symptom severity over time
Categorical measures and dimensional measures proved to be equivalent in predictiveness of functional outcomes for clients
What is one disadvantage of embracing a categorical rather than a dimensional approach to psychosis as proposed by Phalen et al. (2021)?
* A person may not exhibit all symptoms associated with a categorical diagnosis
* Categorical diagnoses can cause stigma
* Diagnoses are not conducive of biogenetic explanations
* All of the above
All the above
* A person may not exhibit all symptoms associated with a categorical diagnosis
* Categorical diagnoses can cause stigma
* Diagnoses are not conducive of biogenetic explanations
Which of the following is a type of hallucination an individual can experience?
* Tactile hallucinations
* Auditory hallucinations
* Visual hallucinations
* All of the above
All the above
* Tactile hallucinations
* Auditory hallucinations
* Visual hallucinations
Which of the following is true from the study “The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia” by Tienari et al (1984)?
* No seriously disturbed offspring were reared in a healthy or mildly disturbed adoptive family
* No healthy offspring was reared in a seriously disturbed adoptive family
* Approximately 20% of the offspring in the seriously disturbed adoptive family condition developed bipolar disorder
* The researchers demonstrated that environment is inconsequential in comparison to genetic vulnerability when it comes to determining risk for developing psychosis
No seriously disturbed offspring were reared in a healthy or mildly disturbed adoptive family
Which of the following best describes the main conclusion of the article “The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia” by Tienari et al (1984)?
* Genetic vulnerability likely determined whether the adopted offspring of mothers with schizophrenia developed schizophrenia later on
* Adoptive rearing environment likely determined whether the adopted offspring of mothers with schizophrenia developed schizophrenia later on
* Genetic vulnerability likely interacted with adoptive rearing environment to increase or decrease the likelihood of whether the adopted offspring of mothers with schizophrenia developed schizophrenia later on
* None of the offspring of mother with schizophrenia ended up developing psychosis so the researchers were unable to draw any conclusions
Genetic vulnerability likely interacted with adoptive rearing environment to increase or decrease the likelihood of whether the adopted offspring of mothers with schizophrenia developed schizophrenia later on
If an individual has elevated persecutory delusions, which of the following thoughts are they the least likely to have?
* A strong belief that someone is out to get them
* A strong belief that an organization is trying to damage their reputation
* A strong belief that they have a defect in their appearance
* A strong belief that someone is trying to make them look insane
A strong belief that they have a defect in their appearance
Which of the following is not a symptom of schizophrenia?
* Hallucinations
* Smoking cigarettes
* Blunted affect
* Alogia
Smoking cigarettes
Which of the following is an important concept you have learned about in class thus far?
* Early intervention in individuals with psychosis is associated with better long-term outcomes
* People with schizophrenia must be put on a typical antipsychotic medication as soon as we determine that they have crossed the threshold for the disorder
* Person-first language does not conflate the individual with their condition, but instead recognizes the humanity of the individual first
* A & C
- Early intervention in individuals with psychosis is associated with better long-term outcomes &
- Person-first language does not conflate the individual with their condition, but instead recognizes the humanity of the individual first
What was the result of the study “Moderation of the Effect of Adolescent-Onset Cannabis Use in Adult Psychosis…” by Caspi et al. (2005)?
* A functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene moderated the influence of adolescent cannabis use on developing psychosis later in life.
* Carriers of a specific COMT allele were most likely to have psychotic symptoms and to develop schizophreniform disorder following cannabis use.
* Cannabis use did not appear to have an adverse influence on people with two copies of the methionine allele.
* All of the above
All the above
* A functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene moderated the influence of adolescent cannabis use on developing psychosis later in life.
* Carriers of a specific COMT allele were most likely to have psychotic symptoms and to develop schizophreniform disorder following cannabis use.
* Cannabis use did not appear to have an adverse influence on people with two copies of the methionine allele.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between cannabis and the emergence of psychosis as described in the introduction of Caspi et al. (2005)?
* Cannabis use is not a risk factor for the emergence of psychosis
* Worldwide evidence documents that cannabis use is a modest risk factor for the emergence of psychosis
* Cannabis use is only a risk factor for the emergence of psychosis in western countries
* Cannabis use is the biggest risk factor for the emergence of psychosis based on worldwide evidence
Worldwide evidence documents that cannabis use is a modest risk factor for the emergence of psychosis
What is the typical life expectancy of an individual with schizophrenia in comparison to the general population as described in Smeland et al. (2020)?
* 10 years greater than the general population
* The same as the general population
* 5 years shorter than the general population
* 15 years shorter than the general population
15 years shorter than the general population
Which of the following concepts is critical for the advancement of our understanding of schizophrenia according to “The polygenic architecture of schizophrenia—rethinking pathogenesis and nosology” by Smeland et al. (2020)?
* There are a larger number of genetic and environmental factors–that each have small individual effects–that influence the development of schizophrenia
* International collaboration on GWAS studies is critical in order to gain a full understanding of the genetic architecture of schizophrenia
* In order to fully understand schizophrenia, we must integrate our understanding of the genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, proteomic, structural, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors for the development of schizophrenia
* All of the above
All the above
* There are a larger number of genetic and environmental factors–that each have small individual effects–that influence the development of schizophrenia
* International collaboration on GWAS studies is critical in order to gain a full understanding of the genetic architecture of schizophrenia
* In order to fully understand schizophrenia, we must integrate our understanding of the genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, proteomic, structural, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors for the development of schizophrenia
Which of the following complex phenotypes does schizophrenia show a genetic overlap with according to Smeland et al. (2020)?
* Substance use
* Creativity
* Other psychiatric disorders
* All of the above
All the above
* Substance use
* Creativity
* Other psychiatric disorders
In the article “Current Research on the Genetic Contributors to Schizophrenia” by Pogue-Geile & Yokley (2010), what progress did the researchers report relating to the identification of specific causal genetic variants of schizophrenia?
* Several common genetic variants of small effect appear to be involved along with some extremely rare variants of potentially large effect
* Several common genetic variants of large effect appear to be involved along with some extremely rare variants of potentially small effect
* Several common genetic variants of large effect appear to be involved
* No genetic variants appear to be involved in schizophrenia development
Several common genetic variants of small effect appear to be involved along with some extremely rare variants of potentially large effect
Which of the following was a hypothesized cause for “dark heritability” in schizophrenia research according to Pogue-Geile & Yokley (2010)?
* Genetic main effects are small because genes interact with other genes and these interactions between genes result in large effects
* Genetic effects may be small on average, but among individuals with a particular environmental exposure (e.g., virus) more may develop schizophrenia
* Without whole-genome sequencing, researchers can only detect specific polymorphisms, resulting in “dark heritability”
* All of the above
All the above
* Genetic main effects are small because genes interact with other genes and these interactions between genes result in large effects
* Genetic effects may be small on average, but among individuals with a particular environmental exposure (e.g., virus) more may develop schizophrenia
* Without whole-genome sequencing, researchers can only detect specific polymorphisms, resulting in “dark heritability”
As stated in Pogue-Geile & Yokley (2010), genetics have been estimated to account for about ____ of the total variation in one’s risk of developing schizophrenia.
* 23%
* 53%
* 83%
* 100%
83%
As stated in Pogue-Geile & Yokley (2010), if an individual is the monozygotic twin of someone with schizophrenia, they have approximately a (1.) chance of developing schizophrenia in their lifetime. If an individual is a dizygotic twin of someone with schizophrenia, they have a (2.) chance of developing schizophrenia in their lifetime.
* (1.) 90%, (2.) 42%
* (1.) 90%, (2.) 17%
* (1.) 48%, (2.) 17%
* (1.) 17%, (2.) 13%
(1.) 48%, (2.) 17%
Why is there not 100% concordance in schizophrenia development between monozygotic twins?
* There is 100% concordance in schizophrenia development between monozygotic twins; this question is false.
* The two-hit neurodevelopmental model
* Genes and environment interact, leading to the phenotypic expression of schizophrenia in some people, but not others.
* B & C
- B & C
There is 100% concordance in schizophrenia development between monozygotic twins; this question is false. - Genes and environment interact, leading to the phenotypic expression of schizophrenia in some people, but not others.
What does concordant twins mean and what does discordant twins mean when discussing genetics and schizophrenia in readings such as Gottesman et al. (1989)?
* Concordant means that both twins have schizophrenia while discordant means that only one twin has schizophrenia
* Concordant means that one twin have schizophrenia while discordant means that both twins have schizophrenia
* Concordant means that both twins are at risk for schizophrenia genetically while discordant means that only one twin is at risk for schizophrenia genetically
* There is no difference between concordant and discordant twins
Concordant means that both twins have schizophrenia while discordant means that only one twin has schizophrenia
According to Pogue-Geile & Yokley (2010), a phenomenon known as ‘‘missing’’ or ‘‘dark’’ heritability (analogous to “dark matter” in astronomy) has occurred in genomics research on schizophrenia risk. What is this phenomenon?
* People with schizophrenia tend to inherit a missing chromosome
* Most of the genetic markers of risk for schizophrenia are still unknown, although researchers have looked “everywhere”
* People with schizophrenia tend to inherit darker features than their parents phenotypically (darker hair, darker color eyes, etc.)
* Visual hallucinations in schizophrenia are believed to be caused by a missing optic nerve, or missing dark spot, in the eye which is inherited genetically
Most of the genetic markers of risk for schizophrenia are still unknown, although researchers have looked “everywhere”
Which of the following statements best aligns with the conclusions drawn in the discussion section of “Confirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia” by Gottesman et al. (1989)?
* No support was found for the hypothesis that, in order to develop schizophrenia, the parent of an individual must have schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder
* One parent must have schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder in order for the offspring of that parent to develop schizophrenia
* Genotypes are always expressed in individuals at-risk for schizophrenia
* Both parents must have schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder in order for the offspring of those parents to develop schizophrenia
No support was found for the hypothesis that, in order to develop schizophrenia, the parent of an individual must have schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder
The study “Confirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia” by Gottesman et al. (1989) demonstrates a phenomenon often seen in human genetics research, which is:
* The complete expression of a genotype
* The predestined development of a disorder throughout one’s lifetime
* The incomplete expression of a genotype or liability for developing a disease
* A lack of inherited characteristics
The incomplete expression of a genotype or liability for developing a disease
What is the best estimate of the prevalence rate of schizophrenia in the general population as reported in Gottesman et al. (1989)?
* 0.09%
* 1%
* 2.5%
* 4%
1%
What does the word “schizophrenia” mean?
* Dementia
* Split mind
* Dissociative identity disorder
* Multiple bipolar disorder
Split mind
Which of the following is not a symptom of psychosis discussed by Schiffman et al. (2015) in “School-based Approaches to Reducing the Duration of Untreated Psychosis”?
* a.Abnormal psychomotor behavior
* b.Disorganized speech
* c.Conduct disorder
* d.All of the above are symptoms of psychosis
conduct disorder
Less time between the onset of psychosis and treatment is associated with which of the following outcomes according to Schiffman et al. (2015)?
* a.Better response to pharmacological and psychosocial treatments
* b.Fewer negative symptoms
* c.Reduced mortality after onset of the disorder
* d.All of the above
All of the above
* Better response to pharmacological and psychosocial treatments
* Fewer negative symptoms
* Reduced mortality after onset of the disorder
Which of the following is a main conclusion from the article “School-based Approaches to Reducing the Duration of Untreated Psychosis” by Schiffman et al. (2015)?
* a.Involving schools in efforts to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis has the potential to significantly impact the course of treatment for adolescents with psychosis
* b.School should replace mental health care for adolescents with psychosis
* c.Involving schools in efforts to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis has the potential to significantly impact the course of treatment for adolescents with psychosis in western nations
* d.A & B
- Involving schools in efforts to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis has the potential to significantly impact the course of treatment for adolescents with psychosis
How can schools contribute to shortening the duration of untreated psychosis in students?
* a.Effective screening
* b.Psychoeducation campaigns
* c.A general sensitivity toward the idea that students may develop psychosis
* d.All of the above
All the above
* Effective screening
* Psychoeducation campaigns
* A general sensitivity toward the idea that students may develop psychosis
According to Mei et al. (2021), what stage currently represents the most promising stage of intervention in order to prevent, stall, and/or improve outcomes in psychosis?
* a.The most promising stage is intervention during early fetal development
* b.The most promising stage is intervention during childhood prior to symptom onset
* c.The most promising stage is intervention in the earliest stage of illness
* d.The most promising stage is intervention following at least one episode of psychosis
The most promising stage is intervention in the earliest stage of illness
In the meta-analysis by Mei et al. (2021) on preventative interventions for psychosis, when stratified by intervention type, which of the following intervention types had a significant pooled effect on the transition (to psychosis) rate?
* a.Pharmacological interventions
* b.Psychological interventions
* c.Brain stimulation interventions
* d.Pharmacological and psychological interventions
Psychological interventions
Which of the following psychological interventions appeared to have a particularly strong association with reducing transition to psychosis in the article by Mei et al. (2021)?
* a.Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
* b.Motivational Interviewing
* c.Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
* d.All of the above
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Which of the following is true regarding the findings of the meta-analysis by Mei et al. (2021)?
* a.The largest well-conducted studies had statistically significant effects and had the highest transition rates
* b.The largest well-conducted studies had statistically significant effects and had the lowest transition rates
* c.The largest well-conducted studies did not have statistically significant effects and had the lowest transition rates
* d.The largest well-conducted studies had the highest transition rates
The largest well-conducted studies did not have statistically significant effects and had the lowest transition rates
Which of the following were significant moderators (i.e., variables that influence the relationship between a predictor and an outcome variable) influencing risk for transition to psychosis across studies included in the meta-analysis by Fusar-Poli et al. (2012)?
* a.Gender of participant
* b.Treatments received
* c.Length of the manuscript
* d.A & C
Treatment received
Which of the following influences transition risk according to Fusar-Poli et al. (2012)?
* a.Age of the patient
* b.The gender of the patient
* c.The way the syndrome is defined
* d.A & C
- Age of the patient
- The way the syndrome is defined
True or False: Maternal influenza is one of the most well-established types of central nervous system (CNS) development disruptions associated with later risk for psychosis in offspring.
True
- Which of the following best describes the results for White participants in the study by Millman et al. (2019)?
* A. Lower Prime Screen scores predicted clinical high risk status among White and Black participants
* B. Prime Screen scores did not predict clinical high risk status among White participants, but they did for Black participants
* C. Higher Prime Screen scores predicted clinical high risk status among White participants
* D. None of the above
Higher Prime Screen scores predicted clinical high risk status among white participants
- Which of the following is a main conclusion from the article “Evidence for Differential Predictive Performance of the Prime Screen…” by Millman et al. (2019)?
* Considering an individual’s race and ethnicity is critical when screening for clinical high risk status
* Considering an individual’s gender is critical when screening for clinical high risk status
* Considering an individual’s cultural values and experiences is critical when screening for clinical high risk status
* A & C
- Considering an individual’s race and ethnicity is critical when screening for clinical high risk status
- Considering an individual’s cultural values and experiences is critical when screening for clinical high risk status
Which of the following best describes the structure of the Prime Screener?
* A. The Prime Screener is a semi-structured clinical interview
* B. The Prime Screener is a structured clinical interview
* C. The Prime Screener is a self-report questionnaire
* D. The Prime Screener is a clinician rated measure
The Prime Screener is a self-report questionnaire
The Prime Screen item “I think that I may hear my own thoughts being said out loud” is an example of:
* A. Visual hallucinations
* B. Disorganized speech
* C. Thought broadcasting
* D. Persecutory delusions
Thought broadcasting
The Prime Screen item “I wonder if people may be planning to hurt me or even may be about to hurt me” is an example of:
* A. Auditory hallucinations
* B. Persecutory delusions
* C. Thought implantation
* D. Anhedonia
Persecutory delusions
The Prime Screen item “I believe I have special natural or supernatural gifts beyond my talents and natural strengths” is an example of:
* A. Disorganized speech
* B. Alogia
* C. Thought implantation
* D. Grandiose delusions
Grandiose delusions
Which of the following is an important consideration when attempting to develop cross-culturally effective screening tools for psychosis according to Millman et al. (2019)?
* A. Self-reported race is only a proxy for other individual factors that may influence someone’s mental health status or responses
* B. Self-reported race can only estimate socioeconomic and geographic factors if these factors are not measured as well
* C. Self-reported race can only estimate cultural and historical factors if these factors are not measured as well
* D. All of the above
All of the above
* Self-reported race is only a proxy for other individual factors that may influence someone’s mental health status or responses
* Self-reported race can only estimate socioeconomic and geographic factors if these factors are not measured as well
* Self-reported race can only estimate cultural and historical factors if these factors are not measured as well
- Which of the following is true according to Millman & Schiffman (2018)?
* A. Approximately 50% of non-transitioning clients at CHR still experience attenuated psychotic symptoms and continuing functional impairment 2-4 years later
* B. Those at CHR present with elevated rates of trauma exposure, substance abuse, cognitive impairments, and suicidal ideation
* C. Only those who transition to psychosis who are at CHR status are in need of clinical care
* D. A & B
- Approximately 50% of non-transitioning clients at CHR still experience attenuated psychotic symptoms and continuing functional impairment 2-4 years later
- Those at CHR present with elevated rates of trauma exposure, substance abuse, cognitive impairments, and suicidal ideation
Which of the following is false based on your reading by Millman & Schiffman (2018)?
* A. Younger participants are more likely to endorse CHR symptoms due to normative magical thinking
* B. Younger participants are more likely to endorse CHR symptoms due to a tendency to respond towards to extreme ends of scales
* C. Relative to younger participants, older participants are more likely to endorse CHR symptoms due to them not understanding the nature of the questions
* D. Baseline comorbid diagnoses are more common among youth at CHR than is conversion to psychosis
Relative to younger participants, older participants are more likely to endorse CHR symptoms due to them not understanding the nature of the questions
Where are nearly all youth at CHR?
* A. Chuck E. Cheese
* B. School
* C. The park
* D. Trader Joe’s
school
True or False: If psychosis were 100% heritable, that would suggest that if one monozygotic twin had psychosis, the other twin would definitely have psychosis.
true
Which of the following statements best describes the results of the meta-analysis by Olbert et al. (2018) on racial disparities in schizophrenia diagnoses in the United States?
* A. Black individuals were diagnosed at greater rates than White individuals in studies that used structured-interview assessments but not in studies that used unstructured assessments
* B. Black individuals were diagnosed at greater rates than White individuals in studies that used unstructured assessments but not in studies that used structured-interview assessments
* C. Black individuals were diagnosed at greater rates than White individuals across all studies
* D. Black individuals and White individuals were diagnoses at equivalent rates across all studies
C. Black individuals were diagnosed at greater rates than White individuals across all studies
Black individuals were approximately how much more or less likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia than their White counterparts according to Olbert et al. (2018)?
* A. About as likely
* B. 2.4 times more likely
* C. 2.2 times less likely
* D. 10 times more likely
2.4 times more likely
Which of the following is true according to Olbert et al. (2018)?
* A. Racial diagnostic disparity in schizophrenia represents a heterogeneous clinical phenomenon that has persisted over the past 30 years
* B. Ethnic minorities living in areas with lower proportions of the same-ethnicity individuals show worse psychosis outcomes which is consistent with the ethnic density hypothesis
* C. A & B
* D. Migrant status is the driving force for implicating differential symptom and diagnosis rates in international migrant studies rather than perceived discrimination, social marginalization, and limited social capital
- Racial diagnostic disparity in schizophrenia represents a heterogeneous clinical phenomenon that has persisted over the past 30 years
- Ethnic minorities living in areas with lower proportions of the same-ethnicity individuals show worse psychosis outcomes which is consistent with the ethnic density hypothesis
According to “Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth” by Smith and colleagues (in press), which of the following has been recommended widely as a primary prevention intervention?
* A. Typical antipsychotics
* B. Atypical antipsychotics
* C. Cognitive behavioral therapy
* D. Psychodynamic therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
As discussed in “Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth” by Smith and colleagues (in press), in which of the following ways have racial and ethnic disparities been documented in mental health care?
A. Psychiatric hospital admission rates
B. Receipt of mental health services
C. Prescription of antipsychotic medication
D. All of the above
- Psychiatric hospital admission rates
- Receipt of mental health services
- Prescription of antipsychotic medication
Which of the following is an example of how contextual factors could influence symptom ratings in clinical assessments for psychosis risk?
A. A person who lives in a high crime area could report higher levels of suspiciousness
B. A person from a racial/ethnic minority group could report higher levels of suspiciousness with a White clinician due to past experiences of racism
C. person could report higher levels of suspiciousness when working with a clinician who matches the demographics of a person who has traumatized them
D. Any of the above
- A person who lives in a high crime area could report higher levels of suspiciousness
- A person from a racial/ethnic minority group could report higher levels of suspiciousness with a White clinician due to past experiences of racism C. person could report higher levels of suspiciousness when working with a clinician who matches the demographics of a person who has traumatized them
Which of the following did Smith et al. (in press) recommend for the field to critically adopt as part of the next grand challenge?
A. Increase education of the social work workforce on the impact of historical racism and oppression on communities of color
B. Collaboration between social workers and BiPOC clients to increase community involvement and advocacy for racial/ethnic minority clients
C. Additional research on the creation of racially unbiased and culturally sensitive psychosis risk assessment tools
D. All of the above
- All of the above
- A. Increase education of the social work workforce on the impact of historical racism and oppression on communities of color
- B. Collaboration between social workers and BiPOC clients to increase community involvement and advocacy for racial/ethnic minority clients
- C. Additional research on the creation of racially unbiased and culturally sensitive psychosis risk assessment tools
Which of the following did Smith et al. (in press) recommend for the field to critically adopt as part of the next grand challenge?
A. Incorporation of culturally responsive explanatory models of psychosis risk and mental illness that is driven by clients and families
B. Incorporation of culturally responsive explanatory models of psychosis risk and mental illness that does not pathologize culturally normative behavior
C. Adaptation of existing, or creation of new, intervention strategies that incorporate cultural values that are responsive to race, ethnicity, and identity
D. All of the above
- All of the above
- Incorporation of culturally responsive explanatory models of psychosis risk and mental illness that is driven by clients and families
- Incorporation of culturally responsive explanatory models of psychosis risk and mental illness that does not pathologize culturally normative behavior
- Adaptation of existing, or creation of new, intervention strategies that incorporate cultural values that are responsive to race, ethnicity, and identity
Where are the rates of schizophrenia increased in Western societies?
A. Inner cities
B. Suburban neighborhoods
C. Rural areas
D. Developing nations
inner cities
Which of the following is true regarding the findings from UK-based schizophrenia studies reported in Boydell & Murray (2003)?
A. UK-based studies have reported a greater incidence of psychosis among African-Caribbean people
You Answered
B. UK-based studies have reported a greater incidence of psychosis among people of African origin
C. UK-based studies have reported a greater incidence of psychosis among Asian people
D. All of the above
*All of the above
* UK-based studies have reported a greater incidence of psychosis among African-Caribbean people
* UK-based studies have reported a greater incidence of psychosis among people of African origin
* UK-based studies have reported a greater incidence of psychosis among Asian people
Which of the following was stated as a possible explanation for differential psychosis risk based on residential location in Boydell & Murray (2003)?
A. Psychosocial stress
B. Infectious disease
C. Social isolation
D. All of the above
- All of the above
- Psychosocial stress
- Infectious disease
- Social isolation
According to findings by Radua et al. (2018), which two factors showed the most convincing evidence for association with psychotic disorders?
a. Urbanicity and Black-Caribbean ethnicity in England
b. Black-Caribbean ethnicity in England and ultra-high-risk state for psychosis
c. Parental severe mental illness and ultra-high-risk state for psychosis
d. Urbanicity and ultra-high-risk state for psychosis
b. Black-Caribbean ethnicity in England and ultra-high-risk state for psychosis
Verse et al. (2012) found that patients with psychosis were about ___ times more likely to have been exposed to childhood adversity than controls.
a. 0.05
b. 0.1
c. 3
d. 1000
3
Which of the following is not a specific adverse experience examined by Verse et al. (2012)?
Which of the following is not a specific adverse experience examined by Verse et al. (2012)?
a. Bullying
b. Physical Abuse
c. Parental Death
d. Poor Health
Poor health
Findings from Verse et al. (2012) suggest that entirely removing childhood adverse experiences from the population (assuming causality) would reduce the number of people with psychosis by what percentage:
a. 100%
b. 33%
c. 0%
33%
What was suggested as a fundamental cause of psychosis in some cases in the “From Womb to Neighborhood” article (Anglin et al., 2021)?
a. Hormones
b. Structural Racism
c. COVID-19
d. Brain Structure
Structural racism
Which factor was explored the least (hardly at all) in the “From Womb to Neighborhood” article (Anglin et al., 2021)?
a. Neighborhood factors
b. Cumulative trauma and stress
c. Prenatal and perinatal complications
d. Age
age
Which of the following is true reported in Anglin et al (2021)?
a. Discrimination has no impact on psychosis risk
b. Discrimination is associated with lower amygdala activity
c. Discrimination is linked to chronic activation of stress systems
d. Discrimination only affects clinical populations
c. Discrimination is linked to chronic activation of stress systems
According to findings by Radua et al. (2018), what common factor is suggested to be shared by various environmental exposures related to ethnic minority status and urbanicity in their association with psychotic disorders?
a. Genetic alterations
b. Social stress and defeat
c. Hormonal imbalances
d. None of the above
Social stress and defeat
What recommendations did the authors of the “From Womb to Neighborhood” article (Anglin et al., 2021) propose to truly adopt an anti-racist framework?
a. Dismantling structural racism and the social policies and norms it shapes
b. Adjusting healthcare policy
c. Adjusting how to approach early intervention for racially minoritized groups
d. All of the above
- All of the above
- Dismantling structural racism and the social policies and norms it shapes
- Adjusting healthcare policy
- Adjusting how to approach early intervention for racially minoritized groups
True or False: Radua et al., (2018) found that very few studies had identified protective factors of psychosis and largely focused on risk factors for psychosis.
True
Evidence for the role of __________ in schizophrenia comes from drugs such as amphetamines while evidence for the role of ___________ in schizophrenia comes from drugs such as hallucinogens/psilocybin.
A. dopamine, serotonin
B. glutamate, dopamine
C. dopamine, glutamate
D. serotonin, glutamate
Dopamine, serotonin
Which method(s) can be used to understand the in vivo quantification of the many aspects of dopaminergic function in the brain?
* Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon
* Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging
* Magnetic Resonance (MRI) imaging
* All of the above
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission
- Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging
- Magnetic Resonance (MRI) imaging
Which of the following is true according to “Glutamate and dopamine in schizophrenia: An update for the 21st century” by Howes et al. (2015)?
A. Dopaminergic dysfunction has been linked to negative and cognitive symptoms and direction of causality has been established
B. Substance dependence is uncommon in people with schizophrenia due to dopamine abnormalities in people with schizophrenia
C. Clinical trials of glutamatergic drugs provide support for the NMDA hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia
D. Environmental factors explains only a limited proportion of the variation in normal presynaptic dopamine function
Clinical trials of glutamatergic drugs provide support for the NMDA hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia
Based on your readings, which of the following neurotransmitters are theoretically linked to hallucinations and delusions?
A. Dopamine
B. GABA
C. Serotonin
D. All of the above
- Dopamine
- GABA
- Serotonin
What are the three theories/hypotheses of psychosis reviewed in Stahl (2018)?
A. Dopamine Theory, NMDA Theory, and Serotonin theory
B. Dopamine Theory, Cannabis Theory, and Ketamine Theory
C. Serotonin Theory, Genetics Theory, and Stress Theory
D. NMDA Theory, Dopamine Theory, and Trauma theory
Dopamine Theory, NMDA Theory, and Serotonin theory
Which of the following drug types is most frequently associated with mystical delusions according to the article “Beyond the Dopamine Hypothesis” by Stahl (2018)?
A. Psychostimulants (cocaine, amphetamine)
B. Dissociative anesthetics (PCP, ketamine)
C. Psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin)
D. B & C
Psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin)
Which of the following drug types is most frequently associated with paranoid delusions according to the article “Beyond the Dopamine Hypothesis” by Stahl (2018)?
A. Psychostimulants (cocaine, amphetamine)
B. Dissociative anesthetics (PCP, ketamine)
C. Psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin)
D. A & B
*A & B
* Psychostimulants (cocaine, amphetamine)
* Dissociative anesthetics (PCP, ketamine)
What view has emerged about schizophrenia following a review of extant research in “Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia” by Karlsgodt et al. (2010)?
A. Schizophrenia is fundamentally a disorder of structural abnormalities, which appear to be the result of genetic and environmental risk factors influencing brain development during fetal development
B. Schizophrenia is fundamentally a disorder of disrupted neural connectivity, which appears to be the result of genetic risk factors
C. Schizophrenia is fundamentally a disorder of structural abnormalities, which appear to be the result of genetic and environmental risk factors influencing brain development during adolescence
D. Schizophrenia is fundamentally a disorder of disrupted neural connectivity, which appears to be the result of genetic and environmental risk factors influencing brain development during fetal development and adolescence
Schizophrenia is fundamentally a disorder of disrupted neural connectivity, which appears to be the result of genetic and environmental risk factors influencing brain development during fetal development and adolescence
True or False: The neuroscience of psychosis is complex, likely involving multiple brain regions, neurotransmitters, and brain functions.
true
Based on your readings, which of the following neurotransmitter receptors are theoretically linked to hallucinations and delusions?
A. NMDA receptors
B. AMPA receptors
C. 5-HT receptors
D. All of the above
*All of the above
* NMDA receptors
* AMPA receptors
* 5-HT receptors
True or False: The glutamate and dopamine theories of psychosis were initially based on findings from pharmacological studies and post-mortem studies.
True
True or False: Psychosis is thought to occur as a result of both structural and functional differences in the brain
true
What was the main aim of the study “A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of aggression during the First Episode of Psychosis” by Winsper et al. (2013)?’
A. To examine the overall rate of aggression during First Episode Psychosis and to investigate how this is related to incarceration rates
B. To examine the overall rate of aggression during First Episode Psychosis and to investigate whether this rate of aggression changes following initial contact with mental health services
C. To examine the overall rate of aggression during First Episode Psychosis and to investigate how this related to performance and suspension rates from school
D. To examine the overall rate of aggression during First Episode Psychosis and to investigate how this related to testosterone levels in the blood
To examine the overall rate of aggression during First Episode Psychosis and to investigate whether this rate of aggression changes following initial contact with mental health services
Which of the following best describes the main conclusion(s) from “A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of aggression during the First Episode of Psychosis” by Winsper et al. (2013)?
A. Rates of aggression during first episode psychosis (FEP) do not appear to substantially change following initial mental health service contact
B. Rates of aggression during FEP change substantially following initial mental health service contact
C. High rates of aggression are seen during FEP
D. A & C
*A & C
* A. Rates of aggression during first episode psychosis (FEP) do not appear to substantially change following initial mental health service contact
* C. High rates of aggression are seen during FEP
According to Winsper et al. (2013), factors that could account for the possible period of heightened risk aggression and the First Episode of Psychosis include:
A. Patient characteristics (e.g., younger age)
B. Illness course (e.g., a pattern of positive symptoms increasing risk)
C. Lack of treatment
D. All of the above
*All of the above
* A. Patient characteristics (e.g., younger age)
* B. Illness course (e.g., a pattern of positive symptoms increasing risk)
* C. Lack of treatment
true or false: According to Winsper et al. (2013), there is significant heterogeneity between studies related to the assessment and reporting of aggressive acts.
True
What was the main counterpoint from the letter “Response to ‘A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of aggression during the First Episode of Psychosis’” by Kline, Gold, & Schiffman?
* A. Winsper et al.’s assertion that rates of aggression do not significantly change is not fully supported by existing literature studying FEP and stands in direct opposition to a prior review of related literature
* B. Winsper et al.’s assertion that rates of aggression do not significantly change has never been studied before
* C. Given the real-world implications of the topic, Winsper et al.’s conclusions could yield negative ramifications for efforts to improve detection and interventions for early psychosis
* A & C
- A & C
- Winsper et al.’s assertion that rates of aggression do not significantly change is not fully supported by existing literature studying FEP and stands in direct opposition to a prior review of related literature
- Given the real-world implications of the topic, Winsper et al.’s conclusions could yield negative ramifications for efforts to improve detection and interventions for early psychosis
According to the letter “Response to ‘A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of aggression during the First Episode of Psychosis’” by Kline, Gold, & Schiffman, which of the following best describes the association between violence and treatment initiation?
A. There is a robust DECREASE in the probability of violent offending following treatment initiation in FEP
B. There is a robust INCREASE in the probability of violent offending following treatment initiation in FEP
C. There is no evidence to determine if there is an association between the probability of violent offending following treatment initiation in FEP
D. People who are experiencing FEP never demonstrate violent behavior
There is a robust DECREASE in the probability of violent offending following treatment initiation in FEP
How do Kline, Gold, & Schiffman advise readers to approach the findings and conclusions of the article “Response to ‘A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of aggression during the First Episode of Psychosis’”?
A. Readers should avoid reading the article and its conclusions
B. Readers should approach the conclusions of the article with skepticism
C. Readers should fully accept all conclusions of the article
D. Readers should write letters to the journal to voice their support for the conclusions of the article
B. Readers should approach the conclusions of the article with skepticism
As described in the letter “Response to ‘A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of aggression during the First Episode of Psychosis’” by Kline, Gold, & Schiffman, which of the following confounds likely arise due to the statistical methodologies used in Winsper and colleagues’ meta-analysis?
A. Local differences in population base rates of aggression
B. Measurements error produced by inconsistent methods of recording aggressive behaviors
C. Poor standardization of the term “service contact”
D. All of the above are likely confounds
*All of the above are likely confounds
* A. Local differences in population base rates of aggression
* B. Measurements error produced by inconsistent methods of recording aggressive behaviors
* C. Poor standardization of the term “service contact”
According to Swanson et al. (2006), “A National Study of Violent Behavior in Persons With Schizophrenia”, which of the following best describes risk levels for violence in participants with different levels of positive and negative symptoms in comparison to participants with below-median scores on both types of symptoms?
A. Participants with a combination of above-median positive and below-median negative symptoms were at a significantly elevated risk for serious violence
B. Participants with a combination of below-median positive and above-median negative symptoms were at a significantly elevated risk for serious violence
C. Participants with a combination of above-median positive and below-median negative symptoms were at a significantly lower risk for serious violence
D. There was no association between positive symptom levels, negative symptom levels, and serious violence
A. Participants with a combination of above-median positive and below-median negative symptoms were at a significantly elevated risk for serious violence
Which of the following best describes the main conclusion(s) of the article “A National Study of Violent Behavior in Persons With Schizophrenia” by Swanson et al. (2006)?
A. Certain clusters of schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms may increase or decrease risk for violence in individuals with schizophrenia
B. Schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms only increase risk for violence in individuals with schizophrenia
C. Violence risk assessment and management in community-based treatment should focus on combinations of clinical and nonclinical risk factors
D. A & C
- A & C
- A. Certain clusters of schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms may increase or decrease risk for violence in individuals with schizophrenia
- C. Violence risk assessment and management in community-based treatment should focus on combinations of clinical and nonclinical risk factors
Which of the following was a nonclinical risk factor for increased or decreased violent behavior identified in the article “A National Study of Violent Behavior in Persons With Schizophrenia” by Swanson et al. (2006)?
* Age
* Sex
* Residing with family or relatives
* All of the above
- Age
- Sex
- Residing with family or relatives
In the article “Subthreshold Psychotic Symptom Distress, Self-Stigma, and Peer Social Support among College Students with Mental Health Concerns” by Denenny et al., there was a stronger association between distress from risk symptoms and self-stigma for those with ____________ compared to those with ___________.
A. low social support; high social support
B. high socioeconomic status; low socioeconomic status
C. high social support; low social support
D. high social support; low socioeconomic status
A. low social support; high social support
Which of the following was one or more of the main conclusions from “Subthreshold Psychotic Symptom Distress, Self-Stigma, and Peer Social Support among College Students with Mental Health Concerns” by Denenny et al.?
A. A strong relation between distress and stigma was found among those with low peer social support
B. A strong relation between distress and stigma was found among those with high peer social support
C. Interventions that target both self-stigma and social support might be relevant for young adults with a history of mental health concerns who are experiencing attenuated psychotic experiences
D. A & C
- A & C
- A. A strong relation between distress and stigma was found among those with low peer social support
- C. Interventions that target both self-stigma and social support might be relevant for young adults with a history of mental health concerns who are experiencing attenuated psychotic experiences
Which of the following is of primary concern in clinical research on self-stigma according to “Subthreshold Psychotic Symptom Distress, Self-Stigma, and Peer Social Support among College Students with Mental Health Concerns” by Denenny et al.?
A. Self-stigma is associated with increased cognitive impairment
B. Self-stigma is associated with a reluctance to seek informal and professional help
C. Self-stigma is associated with a shorter duration of untreated psychosis
D. Self-stigma is associated with the prevention of psychotic illness
B. Self-stigma is associated with a reluctance to seek informal and professional help
According to Corrigan et al. (2007), cognitive behavioral models of human behavior consist of three components: situational cues, cognition, and behavior. Which of the following is the typical order of that process?
A. Situational cues → Cognition → Behavior
B. Situational cues → Behavior → Cognition
C. Situational cues → Behavior and cognition simultaneously
D. Cognition → Situational cues → Behavior
A. Situational cues → Cognition → Behavior
According to Corrigan et al. (2007), what is label avoidance?
A. When individuals diagnosed with psychosis do not accept their diagnosis
B. When individuals who could benefit from mental health treatment do not seek it for fear of being “labeled.”
C. When individuals diagnosed with psychosis do not share their diagnosis with anyone.
D. All of the above
B. When individuals who could benefit from mental health treatment do not seek it for fear of being “labeled.”
Which of the following was a key takeaway from the article “Understanding and Influencing the Stigma of Mental Illness by Corrigan et al. (2007)?
A. Strategies that help erase public stigma against mental illness include avoiding people with mental illness
B. Strategies that help erase public stigma against mental illness include not contacting people with mental illness
C. Strategies that help erase public stigma against mental illness include interacting with people with mental illness
D. Strategies that help erase public stigma against mental illness include community-wide exercise classes
C. Strategies that help erase public stigma against mental illness include interacting with people with mental illness
According to DeLuca et al. (2022), young people who experience psychotic-like experiences are at risk for worse mental health outcomes. How is resilience proposed to impact this association?
A. Resilience is a risk factor for this group
B. Resilience is a protective factor for this group
C. Resilience is a psychotherapy treatment-type for this group
D. Resilience is not important for mental health outcomes for this group
Resilience is a protective factor for this group
Which of the following best describes how DeLuca et al. (2022) conceptualize resilience in the article “Psychosis-Like Experiences and Resilience: A Systematic and Critical Review of the Literature”?
A. Resilience one’s ability to engage in future-focused and present-moment thinking
B. Resilience is one’s ability to maintain and utilize both internal and external supportive resources
C. Resilience is one’s ability to overcome trauma without the need for psychopharmacological interventions
D. Resilience is one’s ability to react to sudden psychosis-like experiences
B. Resilience is one’s ability to maintain and utilize both internal and external supportive resources
According to DeLuca et al. (2022), the earliest studies on the topic of resilience were conducted in:
A. People with Borderline Personality Disorder
B. People with Dissociative Identity Disorder
C. Children who had parents diagnosed with schizophrenia
D. Children with Antisocial Personality Disorder
Children who had parents diagnosed with schizophrenia
Which of the following was one or more of the key takeaways from the article “Understanding and Influencing the Stigma of Mental Illness by Corrigan et al. (2007)?
A. Individuals with mental illness who internalize stigma experience self-stigma
B. One way to address self-stigma is to identify with a group of individuals with mental illness
C. Many of the problems of mental illness are related to public stigma against mental illness
D. All of the above
All the above
* A. Individuals with mental illness who internalize stigma experience self-stigma
* B. One way to address self-stigma is to identify with a group of individuals with mental illness
* C. Many of the problems of mental illness are related to public stigma against mental illness
In the article “Evidence-Based Early Interventions for Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Review of Treatment Components” by Thompson and colleagues (2015), which of the following was identified as a challenge that youth and young adults at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis experience?
A. Comorbid concerns
B. Functional impairments
C. Family and interpersonal stress
D. All of the above
All the above
* A. Comorbid concerns
* B. Functional impairments
* C. Family and interpersonal stress
Which of the following best describes the approach to early intervention that Thompson et al. (2015) recommend in the article “Evidence-Based Early Interventions for Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Review of Treatment Components”?
A. The researchers propose an empirically based, flexible, and comprehensive pharmacological approach to early intervention that meets the varying needs of individuals experiencing CHR-related distress and dysfunction.
B. The researchers propose a theoretical and standardized psychosocial protocol to early intervention that meets the needs of individuals experiencing CHR-related distress and dysfunction.
C. The researchers propose an empirically based, flexible, and comprehensive modularized psychosocial approach to early intervention that meets the varying needs of individuals experiencing CHR-related distress and dysfunction.
D. The researchers propose a theoretical and standardized pharmacological protocol to early intervention that meets the needs of individuals experiencing CHR-related distress and dysfunction.
C. The researchers propose an empirically based, flexible, and comprehensive modularized psychosocial approach to early intervention that meets the varying needs of individuals experiencing CHR-related distress and dysfunction.
As stated in Thompson et al. (2015), attenuated symptoms are often differentiated from psychosis by degree of ____________.
A. frequency
B. conviction
C. negative symptoms
D. disorganization
Conviction
As stated in Thompson et al. (2015), which of the following is true?
A. Attenuated symptoms are generally defined as frequent, intense, impairing, and brief fully psychotic symptoms
B. Attenuated symptoms are generally defined as rare, intense, not impairing psychotic-like experiences that do not meet the threshold for psychosis.
C. When attenuated symptoms are experienced, some degree of clinically meaningful distress, impairment, and/or functional decline is present.
D. B&C
C. When attenuated symptoms are experienced, some degree of clinically meaningful distress, impairment, and/or functional decline is present.
According to “Evidence-Based Early Interventions for Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Review of Treatment Components” by Thompson et al. (2015), which of the following is true?
A. The heterogeneity among individuals at CHR suggests that it is very likely that a “one-size-fits-all” approach would be maximally effective for treatment.
B. It is likely that all individuals at CHR need all components of the various treatment models.
C. Symptom reduction and prevention of illness progression may increase the negative economic and psychological impact of illness associated with first episodes of psychosis.
D. In addition to the heterogeneous clinical needs of individuals at CHR, this population is developmentally diverse, with attenuated symptoms often emerging across adolescence and young adulthood.
D. In addition to the heterogeneous clinical needs of individuals at CHR, this population is developmentally diverse, with attenuated symptoms often emerging across adolescence and young adulthood.
Which of the following best describes the purpose of the article ”Burdens and difficulties experienced by caregivers of children and adolescents with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a qualitative study” by Knock et al. (2011)?
A. The purpose of this study was to investigate the burdens and difficulties associated with the experience of developing a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder as a child or adolescent.
B. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the burdens and difficulties associated with the experience of caring for youth with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders
C. The purpose of this study was to investigate the burdens and difficulties associated with the experience of developing a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder when one has children to take care of as well.
D. The purpose of this study was to investigate the burdens and difficulties associated with the experience of caring for adults with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
B. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the burdens and difficulties associated with the experience of caring for youth with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders
According to Knock et al. (2011) in the article ”Burdens and difficulties experienced by caregivers of children and adolescents with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a qualitative study”, which of the following is true?
A. The results of the study suggested high levels of burden for caregivers concerning difficulties with mental health services.
B. There is a large quantity of empirical research studies about the challenges that caregivers of youth with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders are facing.
C. We need to develop empirically based strategies for helping and supporting these caregivers and their dependents.
D. A&C
A & C
* A. The results of the study suggested high levels of burden for caregivers concerning difficulties with mental health services.
* C. We need to develop empirically based strategies for helping and supporting these caregivers and their dependents.
As stated in Knock et al. (2011), higher levels of family burden and psychological distress in caregivers are associated with ___1.___ levels of functioning for the identified patients. Interventions targeting family burden often yield ___2.___ effects for both the family members and the identified patients.
A. 1. higher, 2. positive
B. 1. lower, 2. positive
C. 1. higher, 2. negative
D. 1. lower, 2. negative
- Lower, 2. positive
According to the article by Knock et al. (2011), half of the caregivers reported that they felt that mental health care providers did not care about or did not want to help their dependent. What does this information suggest?
A. This information suggests that barriers to care may exist at the systems-level.
B. This information suggests that caregivers did not want to help their dependent overcome barriers to care.
C. This information suggests that barriers to care may exist at the individual-level
D. This information suggests that barriers to care cannot be overcome due to philosophical differences between providers and caregivers.
A. This information suggests that barriers to care may exist at the systems-level.
Which of the following is true according to the article ”Burdens and difficulties experienced by caregivers of children and adolescents with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a qualitative study” by Knock et al. (2011)?
A. Studies suggest that costs to the formal health-care system are considerably lower without the help of family caregivers.
B. Studies suggest that costs to the formal health-care system are considerably higher without the help of family caregivers.
C. Studies suggest that costs to the formal health-care system are about equivalent with the help of family caregivers but functional outcomes are better for identified patients.
D. Studies suggest that costs to the formal health-care system are considerably lower without the help of family caregivers but functional outcomes are better for identified patients.
B. Studies suggest that costs to the formal health-care system are considerably higher without the help of family caregivers.
True or False: CHR stands for Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.
true
What is the primary research objective of the article “psychotherapy for adolescents and young adults at high risk for psychosis: a systematic review” Okuzawa et al 2014 ?
Assessing the efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions in reducing the rate of conversion to psychosis
What aspect of CBT is particularly relevant for CHR individuals in Okazawa ?
All of the above
* CBT based techniques of challenging cognitive distortion can be applied to question misinterpretation, beliefs or responses related to attenuated psychotic symptoms
* Relaxation techniques and development of coping skills are highly relevant to CHR individuals experiencing decreased tolerance to normal stress
* Psychoeducation, an essential component of CBT, may also be very helpful for CHR individuals and their families who may be confused and distressed by new and unusual symptoms
What contributed to the heterogeneity among the included studies in terms of psychosocial interventions in Okuzawa ?
All of the above
* Varying frequencies of sessions
* Differences in therapist training levels
* Modification or enrichment of CBT interventions
What is false based on the finding in Okazawa ?
All of the studies of the long term effectiveness of CBT have maintained statistical significance in the follow up
True was:
* A decrease in the likelihood of transitioning from a high risk state to full blown psychosis was observed in individuals undergoing CBT based intervention, in contrast to those receiving only supportive treatment or monitoring
* The reported secondary outcomes (eg psychological distress) varied substantially among the studies)
According to Millman et al 2019 what is a hallmark symptom of the prodromal phase in individuals at high risk of developing psychosis ?
Attenuated symptoms of psychosis
* Prodromal phase refers to the early nonspecific symptoms that precede the onset of a specific disease or condition
According to Millman et al 2019 what is the general consensus regarding the use of antipsychotic medication in the high risk population during the prodromal phase ?
Psychosocial interventions are preferred over antipsychotic medication
Millman How does the insight of individuals with psychosis change during the acute psychotic phase ?
Insight varies, with delusional conviction in some symptoms and intact insight in others
What aspects are typically covered in psychoeducation for psychosis when educating students and their families (Millman et al 2019) ?
All of the above
* Causes of psychosis
* Reasons for medication choice
* Potential side effects
In the context of school personnel awareness, why is the common co-occurrence of psychosis and substance use emphasized ? (Millman)
To recognize that substances may exacerbate the illness despite providing symptoms relief
What types of psychosocial interventions are recommended as first line treatments for individuals in the prodromal phase ? (Millman)
CBT, family psychoeducation, and /or social skills
Antipsychotics are commonly used for managing severe aggression in ADHD, disruptive mood dysregulation, impulse control disorders
True
As stated in “Psychosocial Treatments for Schizophrenia” by Addington et al. (2010), psychological interventions for schizophrenia, such as CBT, are usually used to target which type of symptom(s)?
A. Negative symptoms
B. Disorganized symptoms
C. Positive symptoms
D. Anhedonia
postitive symptoms
- As discussed in “Psychosocial Treatments for Schizophrenia” by Addington et al. (2010), what is a difference between psychological and psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia?
A. Psychosocial interventions target difficulties that are not directly linked to symptoms but may include some psychological strategies while psychological interventions target symptoms.
B. Psychosocial interventions target negative symptoms while psychological interventions target disorganized symptoms.
C. Psychosocial interventions target difficulties that are directly linked to symptoms while psychological interventions target difficulties that are not directly linked to symptoms.
D. Psychological treatments focus on functional outcomes while psychosocial treatments focus on degree of conviction.
A. Psychosocial interventions target difficulties that are not directly linked to symptoms but may include some psychological strategies while psychological interventions target symptoms.
- As stated in Addington et al. (2010), psychosocial treatments are treatments that may aim at improving ____1.____ but to some degree of focus on _____2._____.
A. 1. symptoms, 2. asociality
B. 1. social behavior, 2. degree of conviction
C. 1. symptoms, 2. functional outcomes
D. 1. physical health, 2. mental health
- Symptoms, 2. Functional outcomes
- Which of the following was a type of psychosocial intervention for schizophrenia discussed in the article “Psychosocial Treatments for Schizophrenia” by Addington et al. (2010)?
A. Social skills training
B. Cognitive remediation therapy
C. Supported employment
D. All of the above
All the above
* Social skills training
* Cognitive remediation therapy
* Supported employment
As stated in Addington et al. (2010), important elements that should be part of family interventions include:
A. llness education
B. Crisis intervention
C. Emotional support
D. All of the above
All the above
* A. llness education
* B. Crisis intervention
* C. Emotional support
What was the objective of the study “Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Behavioral Social Skills Training for Older People with Schizophrenia” by Granholm et al. (2007)?
A. To develop a one-time session of individual therapy that could be used in emergency situations.
B. To develop a 24-session weekly group therapy intervention which combined cognitive behavioral therapy with social skills and problem-solving training to improve functioning.
C. To develop a 12-session monthly individual therapy intervention which involved cognitive-behavioral therapy followed by a social skills training session to decrease disorganized symptoms.
D. To develop a 6-session bimonthly group therapy intervention which involved cognitive behavioral therapy to improve functioning.
B. To develop a 24-session weekly group therapy intervention which combined cognitive behavioral therapy with social skills and problem-solving training to improve functioning.
According to Granholm et al. (2007), aging with schizophrenia is typically associated with:
A. Improvement in positive symptoms
B. Depression
C. Enduring neurocognitive impairments
D. A & C
A & C
* Improvement in positive symptoms
* Enduring neurocognitive impairments
According to Granholm et al. (2007), aging is typically associated with improvement in what type of symptoms?
A. Positive symptoms
B. Disorganized symptoms
C. Negative symptoms
D. All of the above
Positive symptoms
- Which of the following describes the results from the study “Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Behavioral Social Skills Training for Older People with Schizophrenia” by Granholm et al. (2007)?
A. At the end of treatment, the Treatment As Usual (TAU) plus Cognitive Behavioral Social Skills Training (CBSST) group had significantly greater cognitive insight, skills acquisition, and self-reported performance of living skills in comparison to the group that only received the TAU.
B. 12 months following the end of treatment, the TAU + CBSST group had significantly greater skills acquisition and self-reported performance of living skills in comparison to the TAU only group.
C. 12 months following the end of treatment, the TAU + CBSST group showed significantly greater cognitive insight in comparison to the TAU only group.
D. A & B
A and B
* A. At the end of treatment, the Treatment As Usual (TAU) plus Cognitive Behavioral Social Skills Training (CBSST) group had significantly greater cognitive insight, skills acquisition, and self-reported performance of living skills in comparison to the group that only received the TAU.
* B. 12 months following the end of treatment, the TAU + CBSST group had significantly greater skills acquisition and self-reported performance of living skills in comparison to the TAU only group.
- Which of the following was a conclusion (or were conclusions) from the study “Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Behavioral Social Skills Training for Older People with Schizophrenia” by Granholm et al. (2007)?
A. Older people with very chronic schizophrenia were able to learn and maintain new skills with CBSST
B. Older people with very chronic schizophrenia showed improved self-reported functioning 1 year after the treatment ended
C. Longer treatment and/or booster sessions may be required to maintain gains in cognitive insight
D. All of the above
All the above
* A. Older people with very chronic schizophrenia were able to learn and maintain new skills with CBSST
* B. Older people with very chronic schizophrenia showed improved self-reported functioning 1 year after the treatment ended
* C. Longer treatment and/or booster sessions may be required to maintain gains in cognitive insight
Based on the articles by Addington et al., and Granholm et al., which of the following is an effective psychosocial treatment(s) for schizophrenia?
A. Cognitive Remediation
B. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
C. Family Interventions
D. All of the above
All the above
* Cognitive remediation
* Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
* Family interventions
1.As stated in “Schizophrenia Course, Long-Term Outcome, Recovery, and Prognosis” by Jobe & Harrow (2010), which of the following variables predict a poor long-term prognosis in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders?
A. No precipitating stress prior to early hospitalization
B. Absence of depressive symptoms
C. No feelings of guilt
D. All of the above
All the above
* No precipitating stress prior to early hospitalization
* Absence of depressive symptoms
* No feelings of guilt
According to “Schizophrenia Course, Long-Term Outcome, Recovery, and Prognosis” by Jobe & Harrow (2010), have modern-day treatments changed the course or prognosis of schizophrenia in the past 60 years?
A. Overall, no, modern-day treatments have not changed the course or prognosis of schizophrenia.
B. Overall, yes, experiences of severe psychotic symptoms that often occur at the acute phase of the disorder have been shortened for many patients.
C. Overall, maybe, maybeit is unclear how to draw conclusions from the different studies given the differences in the study designs.
D. Overall, maybe, because the researchers were unsure of the appropriate way to statistically compare the heterogeneous studies.
B. Overall, yes, experiences of severe psychotic symptoms that often occur at the acute phase of the disorder have been shortened for many patients.
As stated in “Schizophrenia Course, Long-Term Outcome, Recovery, and Prognosis” by Jobe & Harrow (2010), which of the following are risk factors that partially account for the episodic course of periods of recovery followed by period of recurrence that are experienced by most people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders?
A. Family under-involvement with limited emotional expression by family members
B. High internal locus of control
C. High trait anxiety
D. All of the above
C. High trait anxiety
As discussed in Schiffman & Dixon (2011), with respect to substance abuse, motivationally based treatment that is ____1. ____ the entire treatment plan and is designed to serve the larger treatment goals is often _____2. _____ than attending to substance issues ____3._____.
A. 1. integrated with; 2. more effective; 3. in isolation
B. 1. isolated from; 2. more effective; 3. simultaneously with other symptoms
C. 1. isolated from; 2. more difficult; 3. simultaneously with other symptoms
D. 1. integrated with; 2. less effective; 3. in isolation
A. 1. integrated with; 2. more effective; 3. in isolation
According to Schiffman & Dixon’s (2011) article “Treatment Issues and Challenges Facing Young Adults with Chronic Mental Illness”, relative to youth without significant mental health concerns, youth with emotional and/or behavioral difficulties are:
A. At a lower risk for negative outcomes such as school dropout, legal problems, unemployment, homelessness, and substance use
B. At a higher risk of negative outcomes such as school dropout, legal problems, unemployment, homelessness, and substance use
C. Less likely to utilize health care
D. At a higher risk of receiving the wrong type of psychotherapy
B. At a higher risk of negative outcomes such as school dropout, legal problems, unemployment, homelessness, and substance use
Which of the following is true according to Schiffman & Dixon’s (2011) article “Treatment Issues and Challenges Facing Young Adults with Chronic Mental Illness”?
A. The modal age of onset for schizophrenia is earlier for women and somewhat later for men
B. Clinical high risk syndrome is considered the “most severe variant” of psychotic disorders
C. Approximately 50% of all people who eventually develop schizophrenia report clinically impairing psychotic-like symptoms before the age of 19
D. A&C
C. Approximately 50% of all people who eventually develop schizophrenia report clinically impairing psychotic-like symptoms before the age of 19
Which of the following is true according to Schiffman & Dixon’s (2011) article “Treatment Issues and Challenges Facing Young Adults with Chronic Mental Illness”?
A. Early psychosis symptom expression is often recognized as providers of youth mental health and social and educational services tend to be trained in the identification of signs of psychosis
B. Longer duration of untreated psychosis predicts greater symptom severity and lower mortality for those struggling with a psychotic illness
C. Earlier intervention is associated with better responses to treatment
D. B & C
C. Earlier intervention is associated with better responses to treatment
As discussed in Schiffman & Dixon (2011), which of the following are symptoms associated with the time preceding the onset of full psychosis?
A. Sleep disturbance
B. Slowing of thoughts
C. Hyperfocus
D. All of the above
A. Sleep disturbance
Which of the following is considered “first line” treatment in people experiencing a first episode of psychosis as stated in Schiffman & Dixon (2011)?
A. Psychosocial interventions
B. Pharmacological treatments
C. Occupational therapy
D. Wellness management
Pharmacological treatments
Which of the following is true regarding best practices for the treatment of youth who are transitioning to adulthood as discussed in the article by Schiffman & Dixon (2011)?
A. Best practices for youth transitioning to adulthood with severe mental health concerns emphasize a systems perspective and a multimodal, interdisciplinary, across-context approach to care
B. Treatment that is developmentally appropriate and draws upon the strengths of the youth and their family increases the probability of a positive outcome
C. Best practices for youth transitioning to adulthood with severe mental health concerns emphasizes a chemistry-based approach that focuses on pharmacology
D. A & B
- A & B
- A. Best practices for youth transitioning to adulthood with severe mental health concerns emphasize a systems perspective and a multimodal, interdisciplinary, across-context approach to care
- B. Treatment that is developmentally appropriate and draws upon the strengths of the youth and their family increases the probability of a positive outcome
