Quizzes Flashcards
Sensory neurons (such as photoreceptors in the eye) fire action potentials or change neurotransmitter release in response to…
Environmental stimuli
The vestibulocochlear nerve carries information about what into the brain?
Audition (sound)
Moving your right hand is controlled by…
Left motor cortex
This structure in the brain is associated with emotional learning and a fear response.
Amygdala
If you had a stroke that damaged your occipital lobe, which sense would be most likely to be impaired?
Vision
If a participant were holding two different weights in their hands and could tell the difference between 80- and 82-gram weights, but not between 80- and 81-gram weights, then the JND would be _______ gram(s).
2
In signal detection theory, the _______ is a value that defines the ease with which an observer can tell the difference between the presence and absence of a stimulus, or the difference between stimulus 1 and stimulus 2.
sensitivity
Stevens’ power law describes the relationship between a _______ and a(n) _______.
stimulus; sensation
Airport security is very tight. If a traveler even jokes about a bomb, they are detained and questioned to ensure that no real terrorist threat succeeds. In terms of signal detection theory, airport security would rather have a _______ than a _______.
false alarm; miss
For the previous question - this means airport security has a ____________.
Low response criterion
Accommodation is the process during which the _____ of the ye changes its shape.
lens
A neuron will not fire if a stimulus does not activate its
receptive field
If the M ganglion cells in the retina suddenly disappeared, what would be the consequences for perception?
Motion perception would be severely impaired.
If the optic nerve is severed, which retinal cells are damaged?
Ganglion cells
In presbyopia, the lens becomes stiff with age and cannot change its shape. What is the perceptual consequence of this change?
It may become difficult to focus on objects at certain depths.
Lateral inhibition is the
antagonistic neural interaction between adjacent regions of the retina
Suppose your pupils are dilated after visiting the eye doctor. What is the effect on the amount of photopigment in your photoreceptors, and why?
You have less photopigment than normal because your photoreceptors are trying to adapt to the increased amount of light striking the retina.
The high-resolution part of the eye that is used for detailed vision is called the
fovea
Which of the following is a specialized retinal cell responsible for lateral inhibition?
Horizontal cell
Which stimulus would optimally activate an OFF-center ganglion cell?
A shadow in the center of the receptive field
Cortical magnification is the ____ devoted to a specific region in the visual field.
amount of cortical area
Hubel and Wiesel uncovered some important properties of the ___ of neurons in the striate cortex.
receptive fields
If a movie projector is out of focus and the images on the scren are blurry, which spatial frequencies are missing?
high frequencies
If an infant looks longer at a striped square than a gray square, what does that indicate?
The infant’s visual acuity is high enough that they can perceive the stripes, and they are attracted to high contrast images.
if two objects appear near each other in the world, they will also be processed by cells near each other
on the retina, in the LGN, and in the striate cortex
No single neuron receives input from both eyes until the
striate cortex
Spatial frequency refers to the
number of cycles of a grating per unit of visual angle
The diminishing response of a sense organ to a sustained stimulus is referred to as
adaptation
The tendency of neurons in striate cortex to respond optimally to certain orientations and less to others is known as
orientation tuning
Which stimulus would a striate cortex neuron respond to most vigorously?
an oriented bar of light
A major problem with template (exemplar) theories of object recognition is that
we cannot possibly store enough templates in memory to match every object we might encounter
Evidence indicates that structures in ___ cortex are especially important in end-stage object recognition processes.
inferotemporal
If you adapt to a face that has highly contracted features, and you are next presented with an “average” face, the features on that face will appear
expanded
Gestalt psychologists emphasize that
the perceptual whole is greater than the sum of its parts
recognition by components breaks down objects into component parts in order to match them with a mental representation of an object category. These component parts are called
geons
What is the term for a type of machine learning in which a computer can be trained on a set of known objects and then later can recognize objects it has never seen before?
deep neural network (DNN)
Which Gestalt grouping cue explains why a flock of birds flying in in formation are perceived to be grouped?
common fate
Which of the following is a subordinate-level object category term?
Toyota Prius
Which of the following is a viewing position that produces some regularity in the visual image that is not present in the world?
Accidental viewpoint
Prosopagnosia is a neuropsychological disorder in which the patient
cannot identify faces, but can recognize other types of objects
A(n) ___ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed
afterimage
According to the ___ theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships among three numbers of a set.
trichromacy
How many lights (of the correct type) are required to match any color that humans can see?
Three
If a video game labels friendly characters as green and enemy characters as red, who might have a hard time seeing the difference between friendly and enemy characters?
both deuteranopes and protonopes
RGB televisions and computer monitors have red, green, and blue pixels. Why don’t they have yellow pixels?
Red + green is a metamer for yellow, so the red and green pixels can be lighted up together to cause the perception of yellow.
Suppose a new ethnic group is discovered and their language only has four color words. Which color is least likely to be one of the color terms in that language?
Tan
Suppose you have a red surface and want it to seem as red as possible. What sort of background should you put behind it, according to the color contrast effect?
Green
The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as
color constancy
What is the function relating the wavelength of light to the percentage of that wavelength that is reflected form the surface?
Spectral reflectance function
Which color pair is farthest apart in wavelength?
Blue and red
A(n) _____ is an image that appears distorted unless viewed from a very specific angle.
anamorphic projection
If the two eyes are not aligned properly the brain tends to ignore information from one eye. This phenomenon is known as
suppression
___ is the surface of zero disparity, or the location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points in the two eyes.
the horopter
Stereoblindness usually results from
childhood disorders
Suppose you are looking at a road that recedes into the distance. Which depth cue describes the way the edges of the road seem to converge in the retinal image?
linear perspective
the process by which the eye changes its focus by adjusting the lens is called
accommodation
Virtual reality headsets have a separate display for each eye. What is another technical name for such a device?
Stereoscope
Which of the following cannot be used to solve the correspondence problem?
The disparity constraint
If a fly lands on your nose and you turn your eyes inward to look at it, what kind of eye movement are you making?
convergent
____ is any sort of depth cue that can be depicted by an artist on a canvas.
a pictorial depth cue
