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neuroanatomy :p > Quizzes ! > Flashcards

Quizzes ! Flashcards

1
Q

True or False? The Egyptians believed that mental functions were located in the brain

A

FALSE. The Egyptians were cardiocentrists (believed that mental functions were in the heart)

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2
Q

True or False? Functional neuroimaging shows brain anatomy, whereas structural imaging shows brain physiology.

A

FALSE (other way around)

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3
Q

Which school of thought believes that the brain works as an integrative whole?

A

Holism

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4
Q

Which of the following involves difficulty executing daily acts like walking and eating?

A

Activity barriers

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5
Q

The prehistoric practice of creating a hole in ones skull is known as:

A

trephination

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6
Q

The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination comes from:

A

connectionism

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7
Q

Which of the following is classified as an inflammatory disease? Huntington, meningitis, parkinson, ms

A

Meningitis

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8
Q

What does neurology involve?

A

Anatomy, physiology, and pathologies of the nervous system

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9
Q

What term refers to the total number of current cases in a given population at a point in time?

A

Prevalence

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10
Q

Which of the following is the study of disease processes?

A

Pathology

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11
Q

What term means “bringing structures together”?

A

Adduct

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12
Q

The central nervous system includes what structures?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

True or False? Ventral induction is a neurodevelopmental period that involves the superior end of the neural tube becoming the face and brain

A

True

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14
Q

_________ orientation is used in MRI and CT scans

A

Clinical

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15
Q

Which of the following conditions is associated with abnormally small brain size?

A

Microcephaly

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16
Q

The cerebral hemispheres will develop out of the:

A

prosencephalon

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17
Q

True or False? The term contralateral means “opposite side”

A

True

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18
Q

Which part of the nervous system controls our fight-or-flight response?

A

Sympathetic

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19
Q

What term refers to the birth of new neurons?

A

neurogenesis

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20
Q

Which of the following refers to the forebrain?

A

Prosencephalon

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21
Q

How many individual chromosomes do humans normally have?

A

46

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22
Q

Which of the following terms means “toward the back”?

A

Posterior or dorsal

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23
Q

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the brainstem? midbrain, cerebellum, medulla, pons

A

Cerebellum

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24
Q

True or False? Dorsal induction is. a neurodevelopmental period in which the neural tube is formed

A

True

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25
Q

True or False? Meiosis is the process of creating gametes, cells with 23 chromosomes

A

True

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26
Q

True or False? Neurulation is the term for the formation of the neural tube

A

True

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27
Q

Which layer of the embryo turns into the nervous system?

A

Ectoderm

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28
Q

Which term refers to a point farthest from a limb’s point of attachment?

A

Distal

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29
Q

Which of the following nervous system cells is responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Oligodendroglia

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30
Q

True or False? If another stimulus is given to the neuron during the absolute refractory period (1-2 ms), the neuron will immediately fire again.

A

False

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31
Q

True or False? A neuron at rest is said to be “polarized”, meaning that gradients are established and the neuron is ready to fire like a loaded gun.

A

True

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32
Q

What neurological disorder involves the body’s own immune system, which attacks myelin resulting in progressive scarring of the brain’s white matter?

A

Multiple sclerosis

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33
Q

Which part of a cell acts like the mayor of the cell because it contains DNA, which is the genetic code that regulates the maintenance of the cell and production of new cells?

A

Nucleus

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34
Q

True or False? People with intellectual disabilities have a smaller number of dendritic spines.

A

True

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35
Q

True or False? The electrical firing of a neuron, in which an action potential is produced, is known as the process of “depolarization”.

A

True

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36
Q

What neurotransmitter plays a role in motor control as well as in our reward system?

A

Dopamine

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37
Q

Which cranial nerve controls the face muscles?

A

Cranial nerve VII

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38
Q

True or False? About 80% of motor fibers cross or decussate at the level of the medulla.

A

True

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39
Q

Which condition can be caused by stroke, tumor, and multiple sclerosis and primarily affects the ipsilateral limbs causing tremor, dysmetria, and dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Cerebellar hemispheral syndrome

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40
Q

True or False? It is possible for a person to live without a cerebellum.

A

True

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41
Q

Which of the following motor tracts originates in the motor cortex of the frontal lobe and functionally is responsible for contralateral movement of the body?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

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42
Q

Which of the cranial nerves are important for speech and/or hearing?

A

V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII

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43
Q

Which structure regulates many aspects of human experience, including consciousness, the sleep-wake cycle, cardiovascular functions, and respiration?

A

Reticular formation

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44
Q

Inflammation of the spinal cord is known as:

A

myelitis

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45
Q

Which of the following structures has more in common with the basal ganglia than the thalamus?

A

Subthalamus

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46
Q

The pituitary gland belongs to the:

A

hypothalamus

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47
Q

What profile of thalamic aphasia is correct?

A

Fluency: +
Aud Comprehension: =
Repetition: =

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48
Q

What is the form of hydrocephalus that is a narrowing (stenosis) of the passageways that connect the ventricles that can lead to CSF buildup because CSF cannot move freely through the system?

A

Obstructive

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49
Q

The fan-shaped sheet of axons that run between the cortical surface and the thalamus is known as the:

A

corona radiata

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50
Q

True or False? The thalamus processes all sensory information except olfaction

A

True

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51
Q

CVAs cause ______ damage in the brain

A

focal

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52
Q

Phineas Gage suffered from the ______ profile that resulted from prefrontal cortex damage

A

Manic

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53
Q

Which principle of brain plasticity states that training of certain brain functions can lead to improvement?

A

Use it and improve it

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54
Q

True or False? The blood brain barrier protects against foreign invaders and is completely impermeable

A

False

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55
Q

Which of the following structures functions as a visual lexicon?

A

Fusiform gyrus

56
Q

Which of the following structures is a band of axonal fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

57
Q

Which cerebral cortex area appears to be involved with our phonological system, specifically in storing auditory representations of phonemes and phoneme combinations?

A

Supramarginal gyrus

58
Q

For nourishment, blood enters the brain through the…..

A

Carotid and vertebral arteries

59
Q

Which cerebral cortex area is involved in attaching meaning to auditory information, especially speech and language?

A

Wernicke area

60
Q

Which cerebral cortex area sends motor signals to muscles to move?

A

Primary motor cortex

61
Q

True or False? In terms of function, each cerebral hemisphere is a mirror image of the other.

62
Q

Which principle of brain plasticity states that plasticity occurs more readily in younger people?

A

Age matters

63
Q

What functions involve the insular cortex?

A

Ingestive behaviors, negative food responses

64
Q

True or False? Motor information is important to speech production, but not sensory information

65
Q

True. orFalse? A thrombus originates in cerebral blood vessel, whereas an embolus originates somewhere else and lodges in a cerebral blood vessel

66
Q

Which cerebral cortex area receives and perceives sensory information from the body?

A

Primary sensory cortex

67
Q

True or False? Labyrinthitis is an infection of the inner ear that affects the vestibular nerve and is caused by virus or bacteria

68
Q

What condition is characterized by a progressive cognitive decline

69
Q

The _____ is used when you bend over to pick up something and are able to keep yourself balanced (by unconsciously extend one or more of your limbs)

A

vestibulospinal reflex

70
Q

True or False? Coma stimulation is a systematic application of stimulation to a patient’s five senses with the purpose of increasing the patient’s responsiveness to stimuli

71
Q

What condition involves no purposeful response to stimuli, but does involve brainstem reflexes, a sleep-wake cycle, and depressed EEG patterns?

A

Persistent vegetative state

72
Q

What condition involves no purposeful responses to stimuli, no brainstem reflexes, no sleep-wake cycle, and flat EEG patterns?

A

Brain death

73
Q

True or False? the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a 15 point scale that attempts to measure near death experiences

74
Q

Which of the following best describe Rancho Level IV?

A

Confused and agitated

75
Q

True or False? The Rancho Levels of Cognitive Functioning (RLCF) include eight levels designed to describe a patient’s emergence from coma and recovery from brain injury

76
Q

True or False? The vestibular portion of cranial nerve VIII inputs into the brainstem at the vestibular nucleus (VN), which consists of four nuclei on each side of the brainstem

77
Q

True or False? The central auditory system consists of the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebral cortex

78
Q

What condition is characterized by total immobility, but preserved wakefulness, core consciousness, and extended consciousness?

A

Locked-in syndrome

79
Q

Consciousness of whole organisms is:

A

creature consciousness

80
Q

Which type of aphasia is characterized by patients being echolalic?

A

Transcortical sensory aphasia

81
Q

True or False? Tonotopic representation refers to the fact that the cochlea’s basilar membrane is arranged by tones, and this representation is maintained throughout the central auditory system

82
Q

Which structure is crucial for attaching meaning to heard speech?

A

Wernicke area

83
Q

Which of the following is the thalamus’s auditory center?

A

Medial geniculate body

84
Q

Vestibular neural impulses are first generated in the:

85
Q

Which part of the brain involves motion sickness and possible vomiting

A

Reticular formation

86
Q

Which of the following cranial nerve is NOT involved in the final common pathway for speech muscles?
X, V, VII, VIII, XII

A

VIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve)

87
Q

True or False? Contralateral innervation means that the right side of the brain controls the right side of the body and the left side of the brain controls the left side of the body

88
Q

Which circuit is involved in your ability to make rapid, alternating movements with your mouth (diadochokinesia)?

A

Cerebellar circuit

89
Q

Which ascending sensory tract is most crucial to speech?

A

Dorsal column

90
Q

True or False? linguistic planning is nonmotor in nature

91
Q

True or False? motor programming has to do with the execution of phonemes in time and space

92
Q

Hypokinetic dysarthria is usually due to damage to the:

A

Substantia nigra

93
Q

Woman had a stroke, MRI shows right CVA. Is this upper or lower motor neuron damage?

A

Upper motor neuron damage

94
Q

True or False? Damage to the extrapyramidal system leads to dyskinesia or movement disorders (tremor)

95
Q

The lateral corticobulbar tract is an important tract to the _______ motor pathway

96
Q

Which of the following areas sends motor plans to specific speech muscles?

A

Primary motor cortex

97
Q

True or False? Aphasia is an acquired single-modality language disorder.

A

False (multimodal)

98
Q 
Which of the following is NOT classified as a nonfluent aphasia?
Wernicke's
Broca's
Transcortical motor
Global
A

Wernicke’s

99
Q

Which cortical reading area is responsible for visual word form recognition and rapid access to whole words?

A

Occipitotemporal system

100
Q

True or False? Broca’s area is necessary and sufficient for properly formed oral language

101
Q

Which general category of agraphias is due to visuospatial processing and attentional problems?

A

Peripheral agraphias

102
Q

What form of central agraphia involves impairment in spelling irregular words (like island), but not regular words (dog)?

A

Surface agraphia

103
Q

True or False? The oral stage of swallowing is a voluntary stage lasting approximately 1 second

104
Q

In which stage of the swallow will patients experience “pocketing” of food in the cheeks?

105
Q

We, as SLPs, have the right to dictate what people are/are not allowed to eat and drink based on our observations during eating and drinking (either formally or informally) (T or F)

106
Q

True or False? Cervical spinal cord injury does NOT involve impairment to the swallowing mechanism

107
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves controls the muscles of mastication?

A

Trigeminal (V)

108
Q

What is the #1 sign/symptom of dysphagia?

A

Cough response before during or after the swallow

109
Q

True or False? The esophageal stage of swallowing is an involuntary stage lasting 8-20 seconds

110
Q

What should be the primary goal of dysphagia treatment?

A

Support nutritional needs & support hydration needs

111
Q

In which stage of the swallow could patients experience achalasia (results in pain and regurgitation)?

A

Esophageal

112
Q

True or False? The swallowing center of the medulla includes both the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) as well as the nucleus ambiguus (NA)

113
Q

True or False? The swallowing center of the medulla includes both the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) as well as the nucleus ambiguus (NA)

114
Q

What fiber type are the two brainstem nuclei?
Nucleus ambiguous
Nucleus tractus solitarius

A 
NA = efferent
NTS = afferent
115
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves controls glottal closure necessary to prevent aspiration

116
Q

True or False? Brainstem strokes often are the most debilitating type of stroke for swallowing, possibly resulting in the whole swallow response being absent.

117
Q

The motivation to pursue positive or productive activities is known as:

A

initiative

118
Q

Which type of memory is thought of as scratchpad memory?

A

working memory

119
Q

Which type of memory am I using when I get on my bike and remember how to ride it?

A

procedural memory

120
Q

Which type of memory am I using if I tell you about my trip to England in 2016?

A

Episodic memory

121
Q

True or False? Patients who suffer traumatic brain injury experience only divided attention issues?

122
Q

If I recited the Pledge of Allegiance, I would be using

A

semantic memory

123
Q

Maintaining your attention as you study for an exam while ignoring your loud, gossiping roommate and his or her music is an example of _______ attention

124
Q

Which of the following terms refers to our ability to draw conclusions and make arguments?

125
Q

True or False? attention orders and manages all other cognitive functions for the purpose of setting and attaining goals

126
Q

If John attended to his reading while ignoring his roommate talking on the phone, he would be using:

A

selective attention

127
Q

Which process of cognition involves drawing conclusions or making arguments?

128
Q

Implicit strategies are best for those with dementia

129
Q

If you had an accident and sustained a head injury and lacked spontaneity and curiosity, you would be struggling with:

A

initiative

130
Q

Which process of cognition involves recognizing that information is present?

A

perceiving

131
Q

Which of the following terms refers to storing information

A

remembering

132
Q

Which of the following types of memory is used for manipulation of information?

A

working memory

133
Q

True or False? we can see our executive functions in action when we make goals for our week and develop action plans for accomplishing those goals

134
Q

If John read his textbook while talking on the phone with his father at the same time, he would be using:

A

divided attention

135
Q

Which type of memory am I using if I told you that Abraham Lincoln was president during the Civil War?

A

semantic memory

136
Q

Which of the following disorders is a progressive neurological disorder that leads to cognitive decline

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