Quizlet Practice Flashcards
Most Common Communication Disorder
Articulation Disorder
Fluency
ability to express oneself readily, clearly, and effectively
Lag in Expressive Language
Delayed speech onset
Cerebral Palsey
Condition characterized by weakness, lack of coordination, and other motor dysfunctions caused by damage to the brain before its matured
Muscular Dystrophy
Hereditary disease characterized by progressive weakness caused by degeneration of muscle fibers
Multiple Sclerosis
A chronic progressive nervous disorder
Psychoanalytic Approach
Addresses internal motivations and feelings shaped by early childhood experiences
Phenomenological Approach
Addresses self concept
Behavior Modification plan
Changes learned inappropriate behaviors
Receptive language disorder
student looks to others to see what they are doing when directions are given
Expressive language disorder
Student hesitates before talking or repeats words and phrases
Students with disability services that do not require special education related services
1) Are covered under section 504 of IDEA 2) Do not require an IEP
Characterized by problems with communication and repetitive patterns of thought and behavior
Asperger’s
Cystic Fibrosis
Causes sticky mucus build up in lungs and digestive track
Sickle Cell Anemia
Caused by recessive gene , caused by abnormal crescent shaped blood cells, painful episodes
Students with ADHD need:
clear rules, expectations, and consequences
Under IDEA ADHD is Classified as?
Other health disorder
damage to the brain due to violent impact
Traumatic Brain Injury
Autism
Inappropriate social interactions, difficulty with communication and repetitive behaviors
Under IDEA’s Down’s Syndrome may be classified as?
Mental retardation or speech impairment
SLD- Specific Learning disability
One of the 13- disorder in one or more basic psychological processes involved in understanding language, spoken or written. Dyslexia, Aphasia, minimal brain dysfunction
Emotional Disturbance
One of the 13- inappropriate behavior or feelings, pervasive unhappiness, may develop physical systems in response to personal problems, schizophrenia
Other health impairment
One of the 13- limited strength, vitality, or alertness that affects a child’s educational performance, usually due to chronic or acute health problem such as Asthma, Tourette’s, diabetes , sickle cell, etc.
Multiple Disabilities
One of the 13- concomitant impairments excludes deaf- blindness
Natural Consequences
Penalty occurs without conscious action being taken
Statement on annual goals
must be included in the IEP
Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic, Visual, Logical, Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal
Self- contained
classroom of students with like needs for most or all of day
Functional Assessment
identifies antecedents, consequences, and setting
Contingency Based Self Management
student are responsible for monitoring their own behavior
ecological inventory
student interaction with environment now and in the future
full inclusion
students are in general classroom, SPED teacher works with gen ed teacher
Premack principal
a more preferred activity is used as a positive reinforcer for a less preferred activity
functional skill
ex. filling out a job application
activating prior knowledge
a way of motivating kids by getting them interested before a lesson is taught
Guided practice
teacher directed activity
performance objectives
observable behavior, a standard for behavior
modification
changes in what (subject matter) is measured by assessment
accommodation
lessens the effect of the disability, does not change learning exception
cooperative learning
uses small groups of students working together and sharing knowledge
study skills activities
address how to become more effective learners
assistive technology
item or piece of equipment that maintains or improves functional capabilities for students with disabilities
blissymbols
symbols that substitute for words
synthesized speech
computer generated translation of written information
syntactical deficits
difficulties on acquiring rules that control word order and grammar
augmentative communication
symbols, aids, strategies, and techniques used to supplement or replace oral language
metacognitive approach
evaluating and monitoring oneself
diagnostic prescriptive method
uses assessment to diagnose specific processing problems
direct instruction
explicit teaching using lectures or demonstrations
cooperative learning
students working in groups
multiple modality activities
address multiple learning styles
ITP
Individual Transition Plan
differentiated instruction
modification of curriculum that allows all levels and styles of learners to access it
voice recognition software
uses a computer and a microphone
concept development software
helps students with cognitive abilities expand ideas
communication software
necessary with communication boards and visual displays, helps user exchange information
curriculum based assessment
test items are unique to curriculum
reflective activities
allow students to think about their learning opportunities
Woodcock Johnson Psychoeducational Battery
Both cognitive and achievement sections, provides discrepancy between ability and achievement, good for diagnosing learning disabilities
Wechsler Intelligence scale for Children
an intelligence test for children between the ages of 6 and 16 inclusive that can be completed without reading or writing. The WISC generates an IQ score
Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale
method of identifying intellectually deficient children for their placement in special education programs
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
is a culturally fair standardized test that assesses intelligence and achievement
Mental retardation
significant impairment in cognitive functioning and two or more adaptive behaviors with onset prior to age 18
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale
assesses personal, social, and adaptive functioning of handicapped and non handicapped
learning disabilities are identified through…
comparison of aptitude and achievement
cognitive assessment
measures how well an individual solves problems, interprets information and recalls information
formative assessments
provides feedback so instruction can be adjusted based on student needs
adaptive behavior
degree to which individual meets standards of maturation, learning, independence and responsibility for his/her age
summative assessment
test of how much a student has learned or not learned
play therapy
allowing children to act out their feelings
expressive speech
formation of language that is meaningful
receptive speech
ability to understand what is spoken
Diana vs Board of Education
Hispanic students cannot be placed in SPED based on results of culturally biased tests, must be tested in native language
Larry P. vs Riles
African American students cannot be placed in SPED based on culturally biased test
LRE
least restrictive environment
Applied Behavior Analysis
application of learning principles derived from operant conditioning used to increase or decrease specific behaviors
RTI
Response to intervention, strategy for determining if a student has a learning disability, student is provided with increasingly higher levels of instructional intervention and the success of the interventions is assessed
functional behavior assesssment
a behavioral strategy that determines the purpose of a particular behavior
shared teaching
both teachers deliver the lesson together
alternative teaching
one teacher pulls out small group
station teaching
uses learning centers
cooperative learning
small groups use various instructional strategies
Winkleman vs, Parma City BOE
parents can represent kids in IDEA cases
Honig vs. Doe
Students may not be expelled for misbehavior caused by disability
PARC vs. commonwealth of PA
FAPE for all kids 6-21 regardless of degree of impairment
IDEA Improvement Act 2004
changes designed to increase standards and accountability in line with NCLB, required highly qualified teachers
Oberti vs BOE
cannot exclude kids from LRE because they require modifications
1990 amendments to IDEA
replaced “handicapped” with “disabilities”, required transition plans for kids over 16
1986 amendments to IDEA
extended IDEA to preschoolers, IFSP
Goals 2000: Educate America Act
ensures all students meet their maximum potential by providing resources to communities and states, became law in 1994
rhetorical stage of writing
students as past basic writing steps and are writing text as a whole
flexible grouping
groups based on learning, needs, strengths, and preferences
Severe intellectual disability
20-25 to 35-40
profound intellectual disability
Below 20-25
mild intellectual disability
50-55 to 70
when planning curriculum, NCLB requires…
techniques based on science based research be used
Prader-Willi
short stature, chronic hunger, low muscle tone, cognitive disabilities
internal time stealers
poor planning, over-commitment and procrastination
Non essential materials in lesson plans include..
procedural sub-points and time estimates
tangible reinforcers
physical objects given as rewards
4 phases of observational learning
attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation
Parity
valuing of each individual in collaboration
socratic method
emphasis on discovery learning
David Gear
addressed discalculia, cognitive and attentional issues in math
concept mapping
links prior information with new information
type of collaboration barrier caused by adherence to traditional roles and expectations
conceptual
fetal anoxia
example of perinatal disability
Bloom’s taxonomy
knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation
BIP
behavioral intervention plan
Tourette’s syndrome
affects brain and nervous system resulting in difficulties writing, paying attention, and overall ability to process what they hear, see , taste and smell
formal grouping
groups that facilitate positive interdependence, interactive information processing, individual and group accountability and practice for social skills
reciprocal learning
when natural dialogue uncovers a student’s thinking process
best seating arrangement for sharing materials and collaboration
horseshoe
guided practice
reinforcement of material by questioning students right after presentation
compensatory intervention
teaching substitute skills so a students can perform a task despite a disability
a prosthesis is…
adaptive technology
authentic (aka alternative) assessment
student originates a response for a question the teacher has asked
a reflective practitioner…
uses self evaluation with clear descriptions, methods and strategies
face validity
concentrates on how valid a method is
uses peer pressure, reinforcement, body language and proximity to change behavior
positive classroom discipline
√ (1-r)
standard error of measure
80% of LD difficulties are…
reading problems
fragile x syndrome
Most common form of mental retardation, a mutation of the FMR-1 gene
social phobia
fear of being embarrassed publically
3 accommodations for students with memory difficulties
use of pictures, help kids identify cues when discussing subject, use concrete examples
massed practice
little or no rest between repeat performances of a skill in a short period of time.
5 components of measurable annual goals
the who, the behavior, the criterion, the conditions, the time frame
Bandura
Modeling
Burner
past experiences
Dewey
Experiencing
Erikson
Development
Gilligan
Moral development in women
Kohlberg
Moral development in men
Maslow
Hierarchy of needs
Piget
Cognitive development
Skinner
Conditioning
Vygotsky
Social development of learning
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation from an outside source.
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation from inside the person.
Metacognition
A person thinks about their own thinking.
Scaffolding
Instructional support provided to a student by an adult in a learning situation.
Schema
A concept in the mind about event, scenarios, actions, or objects from past events.
Gardner
Theories of 8 multiple intelligences.
Hidalgo
Levels of culture.
Canter
Discipline
Kounin
“With-it-ness”
Hunter
Direct instruction
Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
Performance Standards
Set the level of performance exception for student groups. They are generally set at the state and local levels and generally can be found on your state’s department of education website or your local school district’s website.
Content Standards
Provide expectations for the knowledge students must demonstrate.
Ex. Common Core Standards
When you use backward design to plan instruction, ask yourself the following three questions:
1.
2.
3.
- What do students need to know and be able to do? (Objective w/ Blooms, standards)
- How will you assess what students know and are able to do? (performance assessment)
- What goes into planning a lesson? (deciding on teaching methods, engaging, differentiated instruction)
Distributed Cognition
A process in which two or more people work collaboratively to share ideas and solve problems together, resulting in new cognition that may not have been possible with out the other.
Key Terms Related to Cognition
- Schema
- Info Processing
- Mapping
Schema
Students organized sets of facts about a concept or event can be used to help make connections between info in long term memory and new concepts and ideas
ex. learner may know a lot about puppies and and compare and contrast behaviors and attributes of other living things
Declarative Knowledge
Info Processing theorists help us understand that students need to know what they are learning and ways this new info fits with previous info
ex. stating lesson objectives, reviewing
Procedural Knowledge
The set of steps or procedures on how to do something
ex. participating in science lab, can aid cognition by establishing clear step-by-step instructions and asking to recall procedures
Mapping
Teachers can use concept mapping and similar graphic organizers to help students see the relationships and interrelationships among concepts and new ideas
Social Learning Theory
Let students talk! This means teachers needs to allow students to work in pairs and small groups
Examples of Social Learning Theory
- Modeling
- Reciprocal Determinism
- Vicarious Learning
Modeling
Teachers and more capable peers provide important models for learners. In the classroom you might see the teacher sharing his or her thinking while reading a challenging vocabulary word, discussing strategies to figure out the meaning of the world
Reciprocal Determinism
Alfred Bandura posits that peoples behavior is controlled by the individual through internal cognitive processes and external events in the environment. In the classroom, you might see ____ in action when a child acts out based on his or her dislike of school. The teacher or administrator then responds to the students acting out by keeping him or her inside during recess, fueling the student’s dislike of school further and leading the student to act out the next day.
Vicarious Learning
Occurs through social interaction and/or observation. Teachers can promote ____ by allowing students to work with more capable peers, mentors, or adults. Students can be reinforced or punished.
Constructivism
Individual learners construct or create knowledge through their interactions with the environment and others. When we tale a _____ theoretical perspective on learning, we examine the internal processes of the human learning experience
Key Theories from Constructivism
- Problem Based Learning
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Scaffolding
- Discovery Learning
- Inquiry Model
Problem Base Learning
Activities in which students learn new info and skills while working to solve real- world problems.
ex. Find out how large dines are by drawing them to scale
Inquiry Model
Involves students in the process of exploring the natural and/or material world in an effort to help them discover meaning.
Ex. exploring different soils to see which type absorbs more water in science
Behaviorism
___ is a theoretical perspective on learning that focuses on what can be observed and measured in learning- Peoples behaviors (responses) and events in the environment that promote behavior (stimuli)
Terms important to Behaviorism
- Conditioning
- Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards
- Reinforcement
- Punishment
Scope
As it relates to curriculum, Material or skill to be taught
ex. measurement
Sequence
As it relates to curriculum, is the order in which you teach the info
Standards of Learning
Teachers use to guide curriculum, and design assessments
Curriculum Framework
List the broad oaks of a school district, state, or school, and provide subject specific outlines of course content, standards, and performance expectations
Curriculum Planning
In order to plan curriculum, teachers must plan a scope and sequence for a series of units of study, align the curriculum to the district and state standards of learning, and then plan the assessment system to measure student’s progress
Emergent Curriculum
Based primarily on the interest of children. Often used in early childhood settings. The teacher works together with family and other community members to set possible direction for a project and then determine the actual curriculum based on student interest.
Unit Planning
Interconnected set of lessons usually lasting two to six weeks
Backward Design
Designing a unit of instruction based on what students need to know and be able to do, how to assess student learning, and how to plan a series of lessons
Indisciplinary- Unit Instruction
Incorporates info from two or more content areas to help students see the connections and real-life links across the disciplines.
Thematic- Unit Instruction
A way to organize curriculum around large themes. ____ are integrated across several content areas, such as reading, social studies, math, and science. It might include topics as dinosaurs, friendship, justice, civil rights, or patterns.
Bandura, Albert
social or observational learning theory
Bruner, Jerome
discovery learning and constructivism
Dewey, John
learning through experience
Erikson, Erik
eight stages of human development
Gilligan, Carol
stages of the ethic of care
