Quizlet 1450-1750

Question 1

Vasco da Gama

Answer 1

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)

Question 2

Christopher Columbus

Answer 2

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.

Question 3

Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 3

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Question 4

East India Companies

Answer 4

British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions

Question 5

World economy

Answer 5

created by Europeans during the late 16th century; based on control of the seas; established an international exchange of food, diseases, and manufactured products

Question 6

Columbian Exchange

Answer 6

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages.

Question 7

Core nations

Answer 7

nations, usually European, that profited from the world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services; exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials

Question 8

Mercantilism

Answer 8

the colonial economic policy, by which a colonizing nation must import only from its own colonies, but sell exports as widely as possible

Question 9

Dependent economic zones

Answer 9

regions within the world economy that produced raw materials; dependent upon European markets and shipping; tendency to build systems based on forced and cheap labor

Question 10

Mestizos

Answer 10

people of mixed European and Native American heritage

Question 11

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 11

Spanish explorer; arrived in the Americas in 1502; successfully attacked the Inca Empire

Question 12

New France

Answer 12

French colonies in Canada and elsewhere; extended along St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system

Question 13

Atlantic colonies

Answer 13

British colonies in North America along Atlantic coast from New England to Georgia

Question 14

Treaty of Paris

Answer 14

concluded in 1763 following the Seven Years’ War; Britain gained New France and ended France’s importance in India

Question 15

Cape Colony

Answer 15

The Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to provide a coastal station for Dutch ships traveling to and from Asia; settlers expanded and fought with Bantu and other Africans

Question 16

Boers

Answer 16

Dutch and other European settlers in Cape Colony before 19th century British occupation; later called Afrikaners

Question 17

Calcutta

Answer 17

British East India Company headquarters in Bengal; captured in 1756 by Indians; later became administrative center for populous Bengal

Question 18

Seven Years’ War

Answer 18

fought in Europe, AFrica, and Asia (also the Americas during the French and Indian War) between 1756 and 1763; the first worldwide war

Question 19

Italian Renaissance

Answer 19

14th and 15th century movement influencing political forms, literature, and the arts; consisted largely of a revival of classical culture

Question 20

Niccolo Machiavelli

Answer 20

author of The Prince; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power

Question 21

Humanism

Answer 21

philosophy, or ideology, with a focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor

Question 22

Northern Renaissance

Answer 22

cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion that the Italian Renaissance

Question 23

Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 23

introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed materials

Question 24

European-style family

Answer 24

emerged in the 15th century; involved a later marriage age and a primary emphasis on the nuclear family

Question 25

Martin Luther

Answer 25

German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith for gaining salvation in place of Catholic sacraments; rejected papal authority

Question 26

Protestantism

Answer 26

general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; formally began with Martin Luther in 1517

Question 27

Anglican church

Answer 27

form of Protestantism in England established by Henry VIII

Question 28

Jean Calvin

Answer 28

French protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in Geneva; in the long run encouraged wide public education and access to government

Question 29

Catholic Reformation

Answer 29

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine

Question 30

Jesuits

Answer 30

Catholic religious order founded during Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work outside of Europe

Question 31

Edict of Nantes

Answer 31

1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after length civil wars between Catholics and Protestants

Question 32

Thirty Years War

Answer 32

1618-1648, fought between German Protestants and their allies and the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction

Question 33

Treaty of Westphalia

Answer 33

ended the Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right of individual rulers and cities to choose their own religion for their people; Netherlands gained independence

Question 34

English Civil War

Answer 34

1640-1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy

Question 35

Proletariat

Answer 35

class of people without access to producing property; usually manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agriculture, or urban poor; product of the economic changes of the 16th and 17th centuries

Question 36

Withcraft persecution

Answer 36

outburst reflecting uncertainties about religious truth and resentments against the poor, especially women

Question 37

Scientific Revolution

Answer 37

process culminating in Europe during the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; became a central focus of Western culture

Question 38

Copernicus

Answer 38

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center

Question 39

Galileo

Answer 39

publicized Copernicus’s findings; added own discoveries concerning the laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work

Question 40

Rene Descartes

Answer 40

philosopher who established the importance of the skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human wisdom could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature

Question 41

Isaac Newton

Answer 41

English scientist; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity

Question 42

Deism

Answer 42

concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws in motion

Question 43

John Locke

Answer 43

English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through their senses and reason; argued that the power of government came from the people, not from the divine right of kings; they had the right to overthrow tyrants