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US Physics > Quizes from the Fall > Flashcards

Quizes from the Fall Flashcards

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1
Q

T or F:

Sound is on the electromagnetic spectrum in between x-rays & ultraviolet

A

False

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2
Q

Name the 3 acoustic variables:

A

Particle Motion
Density
Pressure

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3
Q

In a longitudinal wave the sound beam travels _______ to the direction of particle motion

A

Parallel

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4
Q

2 waves that are in-phase interfere with each other. what happens to the resultant wave?

A

constructive interferance. the resulting wave is bigger

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5
Q

2 out of phase that have identical amplitudes (heights) interfere with each other. what happens to the resultant wave?

A

Destructive interferance. they cancel each other out.

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6
Q

The lowest propagation speed is found in _____ and the highest prop speed is found in ____

A

Air

Bone

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7
Q

what is the range of infrasound?

A

less than 20 Hz.

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8
Q

what is the range of ultrasound

A

greater than 20,000 Hz.

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9
Q

what is the range of medical diagnostic ultrasound

A

2-15 MHz.

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10
Q

Frequency is the number of ______ per ______

A

cycles

second

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11
Q

how are frequency and wavelength related

A

indirectly

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12
Q

how are frequency and prop speed related

A

unrelated

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13
Q

how are frequency and period related

A

indirectly

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14
Q

how are prop speed and stiffness related

A

directly

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15
Q

how are duty factor and pulse duration related

A

directly

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16
Q

how are power and intenstiy related

A

directly

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17
Q

how are frequency and amplitude related

A

unrelated

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18
Q

how are PRF and frequency related

A

unrelated

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19
Q

______ is the time from the start of a poulse to the start of the next pulse

A

pulse repetition period

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20
Q

what will create the fastest speed of sound?

A

low density & high stiffness

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21
Q

what can be changed by the operator?

A

duty factor PRF

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22
Q

Write the right units:

  1. Distance
  2. Velocity
  3. Frequency
  4. Volume
A
  1. meters
  2. m/s
  3. Hz.
  4. cm3
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23
Q

a millionth of something is what is scientific notation

A

10 to the -6th

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24
Q

if the intensity stays the same despite a power increase, what must have happened?

A

the area got bigger

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25
Q

what mode is typically used in cardiac US because of the movement of the beating heart?

A

M-Mode

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26
Q

when pressure is applied to a piezoelectric material, what is generated?

A

electricity

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27
Q

lead zirconate titanate is what part of the ultrasound transducer?

A

piezoelectric material

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28
Q

which image shape is considered to be “trapezoidal”?

A

vector

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29
Q

at what temperature does a man-made piezoelectirc material obtain its awesome properties?

A

curie point

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30
Q

T or F:

under some circumstances US transducers can be heat sterilized?

A

false

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31
Q

areas of high pressure in the beam are called ______ and areas of low pressure are called ______

A

compression

rarefaction

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32
Q

T or F:

sound is created by the probe as one big sound wave at the face of the probe and propagated from there

A

false

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33
Q

what part of the probe is essential for decreasing the numebr of cycles in the pulse

A

backing material

34
Q

Where is backing material in relation to the piezoelectric element?

A

behind the PEM

35
Q

CW probe has a _______ quality factor?

A

high

36
Q

The shorter the pulse, the ____ the Q-factor, the ___ the bandwidth, and the __ the image resolution

A

lower
higher
higher(better)

37
Q

what part of the probe is used to improve the efficiency of sound transmission from the element to the patients skin?

A

Matching layer

38
Q

PD equals the number of cycles in a pulse multiplied by the ____

A

period

39
Q

duty factor increases as pulse repetition period ____

A

decreases

40
Q

if the pulse duration is increased what happens to the spatial pulse length?

A

increase

41
Q

if the frequency is increased, what happens to the spatial pulse length?

A

the SPL decreases because the higher the frequency the shorter the pulse.

42
Q

sound comes out of the probe witha duty factor of 1. what type of probe is this?

A

CW transducer

43
Q

what is the range equation (soft tissue medium)

A

d= .77(t)

44
Q

sound travels through a lipoma to reach a reflector. will the reflector be displayed too close or too far away from the probe?

A

too far away

45
Q

you buy an US machine but the image is only a series of spikes whereby amplitude is measured on the y-axis. what type of machine did you buy?

A

A-Mode machine

46
Q

there is a part of the probe whose job it is to shorten the pulse. this component is made up of an epoxy containing what material?

A

tungsten

47
Q

between lateral & axial resolution, which is usually better on msot equipment?

A

axial

48
Q

where in the beam is the beam are going to be smallest?

A

focal zone

49
Q

T or F:

the slice thickness plane is a fixed focus and does not change with most transducers?

A

false

50
Q

assuming a fixed depth and one focal zone, what must change if the sector angle width changes?

A

frame rate

51
Q

if the frame rate stays the same and the numebr of line per frame is increased, what must happen to PRF?

A

the PRF also increases.

FR= PRF/LPF

52
Q

doubling the frequency causes the axial resolution to be _____

A

halved.

53
Q

temporal resolution is another word for what?

A

frame rate

54
Q 
which factor does not affect axial resolution?
damping
beam width
frequency
pulse frequency
A

beam width

55
Q

name a disadvantage of using multiple transmit focal zones?

A

it decreased the frame rate because it takes longer with mult focal zones.

56
Q

T or F:

smaller axial resolution is better

A

ture.

57
Q

name 2 things that will decrease temporal resolution?

A
  1. increase in lines per frame

2. decreasing the PRF

58
Q 
which of the following primarily determines longitudinal resolution ?
aperture
PD
probe diameter
lines per frame
A

pulse duration

59
Q

a 1.5D transducer permits focusing in what plane?

A

elevational plane

60
Q

Name the synonyms for lateral resolution

A

Lateral
angular
transverse
azimuthal

61
Q

name the synonyms for axial resolution

A 
longitudinal
axial
radial
range
depth
62
Q

you are building a probe and want the best axial resolution you can have. you want a ____ frequency and a _____ pulse

A

High

Short

63
Q

to build a transducer with the longest near zone and smallest amount of beam divergence, what combination of frequency and element diameter do you want?

A

high freq.

wide element diameter

64
Q

T or F:

the focal zone should be placed so that pertinent anatomy lies within the Fraunhofer zone?

A

false

65
Q

T or F

radial resolution varies with distance from the transducer?

A

false

66
Q

the Fraunhofer zone is another name for the ____ zone

A

far

67
Q

Azimuthal resolution is based upon reflectors that lie ______ to the beam?

A

perpendicular

68
Q 
lateral resolution is improved by?
damping
pulsing
focusing
attenuating
A

focusing

69
Q

what happens to attenutaion as the frequency increases?

A

it increased

70
Q

does attenuation coefficient change with depth? ___ does total attenuation? ___

A

NO

Yes

71
Q 
which of the following has the lowest relative attenuation?
Air 
Liver 
Blood
Bone
A

blood

72
Q

The gain of a receiver is 70dB. The intensity is decreased by one-fourth. what is the new gain, in dB?

A

64 dB.

73
Q

the amplitude of a beam is doubled. what is the change in intensity , in dB.

A

6 dB.

74
Q

Attenuation is made up of what 3 components?

A

Absorption
Reflection
Scattering

75
Q

What is the most significant contributor to attenuation?

A

Absorption

76
Q

What are the units of:

  1. Attenuation
  2. Attenuation Coefficient
  3. Power
A
  1. dB
  2. dB/cm
  3. watts
77
Q

what is the average rate of attenuation in soft-tissue?

A

Anywhere from .5 dM/cm/MHz to 1.0 dB/cm/MHz

78
Q

what medium has the highest rate of attenuation?

A

air

79
Q

is attenuation in bone higher or lower than in soft tissue?

A

higher in bone

80
Q 
which of the following remain unchanged as the beam travels through a medium?
Frequency
Intensity
Power
Amplitude
A

Frequency

US Physics (4 decks)

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