Quizes

Question 1

Foods rich in fructooligosaccharides include all of the following except one.

Onions
Garlic
Yacon tubers
Black beans

Answer 1

Black beans

Question 2

Which of the following probiotic products has clinical trial evidence of efficacy for the treatment of infantile colic?

Select one:
Culturelle Kids Probiotic
Natural Factors Children’s Multi Probiotic
Bio-Kult Infantis
Klaire Labs Ther-Biotic Children’s Chewable

Answer 2

Bio-Kult Infantis

Question 3

All of the following are prebiotics except one. Choose the exception:

Select one:
fructooligosaccharides
lactulose
larch arabinogalactans
lactitol
galactooligosaccharides

Answer 3

larch arabinogalactans

Question 4

The prebiotics with the current best research profile for improving skin health (levels of wrinkles and hydration) are?

Select one or more:
Lactulose and Arabinogalactans
Lactulose and GOS
GOS and FOS
Lactulose and FOS

Answer 4

Lactulose and GOS

Question 5

What differentiates prebiotics from colonic foods?

Select one:
a. Only colonic foods are fermented to produce short-chain fatty acids
b. Prebiotics are only utilized by a limited number of beneficial bacteria in the human GIT
c. Prebiotics have to be naturally-occurring, whereas colonic foods do not
d. Nothing differentiates them – they are different terms for the same thing
E. Only prebiotics are fermented to produce short-chain fatty acids

Answer 5

b. Prebiotics are only utilized by a limited number of beneficial bacteria in the human GIT

Question 6

Probiotic characteristics are strain dependent. This means:

Select one:

a. Desirable characteristics cannot be extrapolated across the species level
b. Strains within the same species may have differing therapeutic qualities
c. One cannot generalize research results conducted on one probiotic strain to another one, even if it is within the same species
d. All of the above

Answer 6

d. All of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is not a common side effect from prebiotic administration?
Select one:

a. Flatulence
b. Abdominal distension
c. Sore joints
d. Abdominal bloating
e. Abdominal pain

Answer 7

c. Sore joints

Question 8

What is the best rationale to base your prescribing of a particular probiotic supplement on?
Select one:

a. Your clinical experience
b. Your colleagues’ clinical experience
c. Choose the supplement with the highest CFU (colony forming units)
d. Clinical trial level evidence of efficacy
e. Claims made in a manufacturers’ brochure

Answer 8

d. Clinical trial level evidence of efficacy

Question 9

Based on clinical trial data, the probiotic strains of choice in bacterial vaginosis are:
Select one:

a. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12
b. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14
c. Lactobacillus plantarum Lp-115 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CUL-63
d. Lactobacillus rhamnosus CUL-63 and Lactobacillus fermentum CUL-67

Answer 9

b. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14

Question 10

Based on the most recent research, probiotics can be used to treat:
Select one:

a. Endometriosis
b. Post-partum obesity
c. Mastitis
d. All of the above

Answer 10

d. All of the above

Question 11

Which of the following is not a probiotic myth?
Select one:

a. Never take probiotics alongside antibiotics as it is a waste of money
b. Probiotics are best taken on an empty stomach
c. Probiotics are best taken with larger, more dense meals to enhance survival through the upper GIT
d. A good probiotic strain will permanently colonize the human GIT after consumption
e. Probiotic supplements are superior to probiotic foods as therapeutic tools

Answer 11

c. Probiotics are best taken with larger, more dense meals to enhance survival through the upper GIT

Question 12

A prebiotic must have all the following characteristics except one. The exception is:
Select one:

a. ingestion of the substance alters the colonic microflora ecosystem towards a healthier composition
b. the substance must be neither catabolised nor absorbed in the stomach or small intestine
c. ingestion results in changes that improve the health of the host
d. the substance must be naturally occurring
e. the substance must be a selective substrate only utilised by a limited number of beneficial bacteria

Answer 12

d. the substance must be naturally occurring

Question 13

What is the minimum therapeutic dose of a probiotic strain?
Select one:

a. It differs per strain, but it is a prudent to prescribe a minimum of 1 billion (10^9) colony forming units (CFU) of each strain
b. It differs per strain, but it is a prudent to prescribe a minimum of 100 million CFU (10^8) of each strain
c. 10 billion (10^10) CFU
d. 100,000 (10^6) CFU

Answer 13

a. It differs per strain, but it is a prudent to prescribe a minimum of 1 billion (10^9) colony forming units (CFU) of each strain

Question 14

Which of the following disease states has been associated with gastrointestinal dysbiosis?
Select one or more:

a. Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
b. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Autism
c. Depression and Anxiety
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Answer 14

d. All of the above

Question 15

Foods rich in galactooligosaccharides include all of the following except one. Choose the exception.

Select one or more:

a.
Borlotti beans

b.
Buckwheat

c.
Split peas

d.
Whole wheat

Answer 15

b.

Buckwheat

Question 16

What is the prebiotic of choice to prevent Traveler’s diarrhea?
Select one:

a.
Fructooligosaccharides

b.
Galactooligosaccharides

c.
Larch arabinogalactans

d.
Raffinose

Answer 16

b.

Galactooligosaccharides

Question 17

The probiotic strain Lactobacillus reuteri BioGaia is found in which commercially-available probiotic preparation in the USA?
Select one:

a.
Bioceuticals UltraBiotic 45

b.
Natren Healthy Trinity

c.
Gerber Soother Colic Drops

d.
Standard Process ProSynbiotic

Answer 17

c.

Gerber Soother Colic Drops

Question 18

Which of the following is not a mechanism by which probiotics work:
Select one:

a.
Conversion of excess intestinal gases to water

b.
Competition for space and nutrients with potential pathogens

c.
Production of selectively-acting anti-microbial substances

d.
Via interaction with immune cells along the GIT

e.
Via production of beneficial compounds in the GIT (e.g., polyamines)

Answer 18

a.

Conversion of excess intestinal gases to water

Question 19

All of the following are desirable probiotic characteristics except one; choose the exception:
Select one:

a.
Human origin

b.
Documented clinical safety

c.
Adherence to the intestinal mucosa

d.
Ability to colonize the human gastrointestinal tract (albeit only temporarily)

e.
Antagonism against lactobacilli and bifidobacteria

Answer 19

e.

Antagonism against lactobacilli and bifidobacteria

Question 20

A species commonly used in probiotic supplements is:
Select one:

a.
Klebsiella pneumoniae

b.
Campylobacter jejuni

c.
Bacillus anthracis

d.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Answer 20

d.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 21

Hydrogen sulfide gas is produced by which colonic bacterial species:
Select one:

a.
Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.

b.
Desulfovibrio spp. and Bacteroides spp.

c.
Bifidobacterium spp. and Desulfomaculum spp.

d.
Desulfovibrio spp. and Desulfomaculum spp.

Answer 21

d.

Desulfovibrio spp. and Desulfomaculum spp.

Question 22

Which of the following probiotic strains increase your endogenous populations of bifidobacteria when consumed:
Select one:

a.
Lactobacillus casei Shirota

b.
Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM

c.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

d.
All of the above

e.
None of the above

Answer 22

d.

All of the above

Question 23

Which of the following is not a physiological activity of short chain fatty acids:
Select one:

a.
Trophic effects on the small intestine

b.
Improved colonic epithelial barrier function

c.
Improved serum vitamin B12 levels

d.
Improved mineral absorption

e.
Improved laxation

Answer 23

c.

Improved serum vitamin B12 levels

Question 24

A high milk-fat diet encouraged the growth of what microorganism?
Select one:

a.
Lactobacillus acidophilus

b.
Bifidobacterium lactis

c.
Clostridiodes difficile

d.
Bacteroides fragilis

e.
Bilophila wadsworthia

Answer 24

e.

Bilophila wadsworthia

Question 25

Which short chain fatty acid directly suppresses the growth of the main methane-producing bacterial species in the gastrointestinal tract (Methanobrevibacter smithii)? Select one or more: a. Acetate b. Lactate c. Propionate d. Butyrate

Answer 25

d. | Butyrate

Question 26

The three main short chain fatty acids produced in the colon are: Select one: a. Hydrochloric, acetate, and butyrate b. Acetate, butyrate and lactate c. Propionate, butyrate and acetate d. Lactate, propionate and isovalerate e. Isovalerate, acetate and butyrate

Answer 26

c. | Propionate, butyrate and acetate

Question 27

A pathobiont is defined as: Select one or more: a. A healthy balanced ecosystem b. A commensal microorganism that is able to promote pathology only when specific genetic or environmental conditions are altered in the host c. A unit of biological organization composed to a host and its microbiota d. A relationship benefitting both parties

Answer 27

b. A commensal microorganism that is able to promote pathology only when specific genetic or environmental conditions are altered in the host

Question 28

Which of the following conditions is not associated with intestinal dysbiosis? Select one: a. Obesity b. Irritable bowel syndrome c. Rheumatoid arthritis d. Atopic eczema e. Functional dyspepsia

Answer 28

e. | Functional dyspepsia

Question 29

Which of the following is not a byproduct of intestinal putrefaction? Select one: a. Short chain fatty acids b. hydrogen peroxide c. Phenols d. Indoles e. Ammonia

Answer 29

b. | hydrogen peroxide

Question 30

The disappearing microbiota hypothesis states: Select one: a. That alterations in human macroecology have progressively affected the composition of our indigenous microbiota, which in turn has affected human physiology and, ultimately, increased the risk of allergic and metabolic diseases b. That the increased rates of modern allergic and metabolic diseases has arisen due to changes in our genetics c. That the increased rates of modern allergic and metabolic diseases has arisen due to global warming. d. All of the above e. None of the above

Answer 30

a. That alterations in human macroecology have progressively affected the composition of our indigenous microbiota, which in turn has affected human physiology and, ultimately, increased the risk of allergic and metabolic diseases

Question 31

Which if the following bacterial genera are capable of producing butyrate? Choose the most correct answer. Select one or more: a. Anaerostipes, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus b. Anaerotruncus, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia c. Atopobium, Faecalibacterium, Enterococcus d. Escherichia, Bacteroides, Peptococcus

Answer 31

b. | Anaerotruncus, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia

Question 32

The potential for an antimicrobial agent to influence the gut microflora is related to its: Select one: a. Pharmacokinetics b. Spectrum of activity c. Length of administration d. All of the above e. None of the above

Answer 32

d. | All of the above

Question 33

Putrefaction is the process by which: Select one: a. Oligosaccharides are fermented b. Non-starch polysaccharides are fermented c. Protein is fermented d. Resistant starch is fermented

Answer 33

c. | Protein is fermented

Question 34

Which of the following disease states has been associated with gastrointestinal dysbiosis? Select one or more: a. Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes b. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Autism c. Depression and Anxiety d. All of the above e. None of the above

Answer 34

d. | All of the above

Question 35

Causes of dysbiosis include: Select one: a. Antibiotics b. Stress c. Birth via Caesarean section d. All of the above

Answer 35

d. | All of the above

Question 36

The main cause of gastrooesophageal reflux is: Select one: a. High gastric acid output b. Cigarette smoking c. Low gastric acid output d. Lower esophageal sphincter incompetence

Answer 36

d. | Lower esophageal sphincter incompetence

Question 37

Melatonin helps in GERD by: Select one: a. Inhibiting gastric acid output b. Inhibiting nitric oxide biosynthesis; thereby reducing the rate of transient relaxations in the LES c. Strengthening the LES d. All of the above e. None of the above

Answer 37

d. | All of the above

Question 38

In human clinical trials, which agent(s) appears to be the most effective in eradicating H. pylori when used without antibiotics? Select one: ``` a. Mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus var Chia) ``` ``` b. Rhubarb root (Rheum emodi) ``` ``` c. Black seed (Nigella sativa) ``` d. Vitamin C e. Vitamin E and C

Answer 38

``` c. Black seed (Nigella sativa) ```

Question 39

All of the following agents can be used to improve the efficacy of antibiotics in eradicating H. pylori except: Select one: a. Vitamin C and vitamin E b. Lactose c. Vitamin C d. Zinc carnosine e. Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12

Answer 39

b. | Lactose

Question 40

According to human clinical trials, which agent appears to have the greatest effect in speeding the healing of peptic ulcers? Select one: a. Zinc carnosine b. Cabbage juice c. Melatonin d. Mastic gum

Answer 40

b. | Cabbage juice

Question 41

Causes of peptic ulcer disease include all of the following except one. Choose the exception: Select one: a. Helicobacter pylori b. A predominantly wholefoods, plant-based diet c. Use of oral corticosteroids d. Use of NSAIDs e. Use of aspirin

Answer 41

b. | A predominantly wholefoods, plant-based diet

Question 42

All of the following foods or drinks inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori except: Select one: a. Green tea b. Grapes c. Alfalfa sprouts d. Bilberries

Answer 42

c. | Alfalfa sprouts

Question 43

To facilitate contact between Helicobacter pylori and anti-microbial agents (natural or pharmaceutical), which agent(s) should be co-administered? Select one: a. N-acetyl cysteine b. Lactobacillus reuteri MM53 c. Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 d. Zinc carnosine e. B and C

Answer 43

a. | N-acetyl cysteine

Question 44

Which dietary agent causes impaired esophageal motility, increased gastric acid secretion, transient lower esophageal relaxations and slows gastric emptying? Select one: a. Fatty foods b. Coffee c. Chocolate d. Alcohol

Answer 44

d. | Alcohol

Question 45

Other contributing factors in GERD include: Select one: a. Delayed gastric emptying b. Impaired esophageal acid clearance c. Decreased salivation d. All of the above e. None of the above

Answer 45

d. | All of the above

Question 46

Slow gastric emptying contributes to GERD by: Select one: a. increasing the amount of time for Helicobacter pylori to eat the food. Which results in increased gas production; causing belching and reflux b. increasing the length of time refluxate is available in the stomach c. increasing gastric distension, which has been found to increase the rate of transient LES relaxations d. A and B e. B and C

Answer 46

e. B and C increasing the length of time refluxate is available in the stomach increasing gastric distension, which has been found to increase the rate of transient LES relaxations

Question 47

Key risk factors for GERD development include all the following except one. Choose the exception. Select one or more: a. Physical inactivity b. High BMI c. Smoking d. Pregnancy

Answer 47

a. | Physical inactivity

Question 48

Which of the following nutrients has been shown to be capable of reversing Barrett’s esophagus in humans? Select one or more: a. Beta-carotene b. Vitamin E c. Lycopene d. Vitamin C

Answer 48

a. | Beta-carotene

Question 49

Wheat allergy can be differentiated from celiac disease and gluten sensitivity by: Select one: a. The presence of a positive IgE test result b. The presence of a positive AGA IgA test result c. The presence of a positive tTg IgG test result d. The presence of a positive tTg IgA test result

Answer 49

a. | The presence of a positive IgE test result

Question 50

Which of the following signs and symptoms occur in celiac disease? Select one: a. Diarrhea b. Constipation c. Vomiting d. All of the above

Answer 50

d. | All of the above

Question 51

Fructose malabsorption is more common in which gastrointestinal conditions? Select one: a. GERD and Peptic Ulcer disease b. Functional dyspepsia and Crohn’s disease c. IBS and GERD d. Gastritis and IBS e. Crohn’s disease and diverticular disease

Answer 51

b. | Functional dyspepsia and Crohn’s disease

Question 52

Which of the following substances interferes with fructose absorption? Select one: a. Dextrose b. Galactose c. Sorbitol d. Glucose

Answer 52

c. | Sorbitol

Question 53

Which of the following is a reason for the rising prevalence of celiac disease? Select one: a. Increased frequency of C-section births b. Increase in the gluten content of currently grown wheat varieties c. Shortened duration of breastfeeding d. All of the above e. None of the above

Answer 53

d. | All of the above

Question 54

Ideally, an adequate dose of gluten needs to be consumed for how long prior to celiac disease testing to ensure the accuracy of the result? Select one: a. 6 weeks b. 5 weeks c. 4 weeks d. 3 weeks e. 2 weeks

Answer 54

a. | 6 weeks

Question 55

Which of these fruits should be acceptable for a patient with fructose malabsorption to consume? Select one: a. Apples, cherries and pears b. Bananas, blueberries and fresh figs c. Apricots, persimmons, grapes d. Plums, bananas and pears e. Watermelon, mango and lychees

Answer 55

b. | Bananas, blueberries and fresh figs

Question 56

Which of these vegetables should be acceptable for a patient with fructose malabsorption to consume? Select one: a. Alfalfa sprouts and green beans b. Potatoes and celery c. Beetroot (beets) and zucchini d. A and B e. A and C

Answer 56

d. A and B Alfalfa sprouts and green beans Potatoes and celery

Question 57

Fructose malabsorption causes depression as a result of: Select one: a. Fermentation of fructose creates toxins that when absorbed reduce the production of melatonin b. Fermentation of fructose creates short chain fatty acids that when absorbed decrease the livers capacity to detoxify endotoxins and ammonia c. Decreased tryptophan and folic acid absorption d. All of the above e. None of the above

Answer 57

c. | Decreased tryptophan and folic acid absorption

Question 58

Indicators of “hidden” celiac disease include: Select one: a. Iron deficiency anemia b. Delayed puberty c. Raised liver enzymes (AST and/or ALT) d. All of the above e. None of the above

Answer 58

d. | All of the above

Question 59

Which of the following substances does not improve absorption of fructose? Select one: a. Glucose b. L-alanine c. L-glutamine d. Erythritol e. L-phenylalanine

Answer 59

d. | Erythritol

Question 60

Nutritional deficiencies of all of the following nutrients except one are common in celiac disease. Choose the one nutrient that is not commonly impacted in celiac disease. Select one: a. Calcium b. Ascorbic acid c. Magnesium d. selenium e. Zinc

Answer 60

b. | Ascorbic acid

Question 61

Treatment of celiac disease differs from that of gluten sensitivity in that: Select one: a. It requires a strict gluten-free diet b. Additional small intestinal healing measures may be required c. It doesn’t require a strict gluten-free diet d. Nutritional supplementation with a high-potency multivitamin/mineral preparation is needed

Answer 61

d. | Nutritional supplementation with a high-potency multivitamin/mineral preparation is needed

Question 62

Synbiotics are a combination of prebiotic and probiotic agents. This combination is supposed to: Select one: a. enhance the survival of the probiotic bacteria through the upper GIT b. improve implantation of the probiotic strain in the colon c. have a stimulating effect on the growth and/or activities of both the exogenously provided probiotic strain(s) and the endogenous inhabitants of the bowel d. Do all of the above e. Do none of the above

Answer 62

d. | Do all of the above

Question 63

Which prebiotic has been shown to increase microbial β-glucosidase activity in the colon? Select one: a. Larch arabinogalactans b. Fructooligosaccharides c. Galactooligosaccharides d. Apple pectin e. Lactulose

Answer 63

b. | Fructooligosaccharides

Question 64

Lactase persistence is more common in: Select one: a. People of African descent b. People of Asian descent c. People of northern European descent d. People of Mexican descent

Answer 64

c. | People of northern European descent

Question 65

A lectin in which foodstuff can help treat giardiasis: Select one: a. Chick peas b. Oat bran c. Mung beans d. Wheat germ

Answer 65

d. | Wheat germ

Question 66

Lactase nonpersistence is: Select one: a. A condition in which too much cow’s milk is drunk b. A condition in which malabsorbed lactose produces symptoms c. A condition in which a sizable fraction of a dosage of lactose is not absorbed in the small bowel and thus is delivered to the colon d. A condition in which the brush border lactase activity is only a small fraction of the infantile level

Answer 66

d. | A condition in which the brush border lactase activity is only a small fraction of the infantile level

Question 67

Causes of secondary lactose intolerance include: Select one: a. Chemotherapy b. Viral gastroenteritis c. Celiac disease d. All of the above

Answer 67

d. | All of the above

Question 68

Which of the following probiotic strains is the most appropriate to utilize in the treatment of giardiasis? Select one: a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii Biocodex b. Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 c. Lactobacillus plantarum La5 d. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 e. Lactobacillus reuteri MM53

Answer 68

a. | Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii Biocodex

Question 69

When taken on an empty stomach, the maximum dose of lactose that is generally well-tolerated in patients with lactose intolerance is: Select one: a. 12g b. 14g c. 18g d. 24g e. 36g

Answer 69

a. | 12g

Question 70

Overall dietary recommendations to treat giardiasis include which of the following: Select one: a. Eat a wholefoods, high-fiber diet b. Avoid simple sugars (e.g., lactose and sucrose) c. Decrease fat intake d. All of the above e. None of the above

Answer 70

d. | All of the above

Question 71

A condition commonly associated with lactose intolerance is: Select one: a. Celiac disease b. Diverticulitis c. Irritable bowel syndrome d. A and B e. A and C

Answer 71

e. A and C Celiac disease IBS

Question 72

Lactose is a sugar found in all mammalian milks Select one or more: a. False b. True

Answer 72

b. | True

Question 73

Giardia infects what section of the gut? Select one or more: a. All of the above b. Stomach c. Large intestine d. Small intestine

Answer 73

d. | Small intestine

Question 74

Risk factors for SIBO include all of the following except: Select one: a. moderate alcohol consumption b. use of opiates c. proton pump inhibitor use d. radiotherapy-induced enteritis

Answer 74

a. | moderate alcohol consumption

Question 75

The microorganisms involved in SIBO can: Select one: a. ferment carbohydrates only b. ferment carbohydrates and putrefy proteins c. cause deficiency of vitamin B12 d. a and c e. b and c

Answer 75

e. b and c ferment carbohydrates and putrefy proteins cause deficiency of vitamin B12

Question 76

Based on current best evidence, which breath test is considered the most accurate for the diagnosis of SIBO: Select one: a. fructose breath test b. glucose breath test c. lactose breath test d. lactulose breath test

Answer 76

b. | glucose breath test

Question 77

Probiotics can play a role in the management of SIBO by: Select one: a. selectively modifying the small intestinal ecosystem b. stimulating the migrating motor complex c. helping to heal the leaky gut d. all of the above e. none of the above

Answer 77

d. | all of the above

Question 78

Normal GI protective mechanisms against SIBO include: Select one: a. gastrointestinal secretory IgA secretion b. gastric acid c. normal intestinal motility d. all of the above

Answer 78

d. | all of the above

Question 79

Gut healing agents that could be utilized in SIBO include: Select one: a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii Biocodex b. glutamine c. lactulose d. partially hydrolysed guar gum e. all of the above

Answer 79

e. | all of the above

Question 80

Which of the following conditions is not commonly associated with SIBO? Select one: a. acne vulgaris b. Parkinson's disease c. NAFLD d. fibromyalgia e. rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 80

a. | acne vulgaris

Question 81

In patients with SIBO, prebiotics are: Select one: a. potentially useful therapeutic tools b. contraindicated

Answer 81

a. | potentially useful therapeutic tools

Question 82

The medicinal herb with activity against the widest range of SIBO-related microorganisms is: Select one: a. pomegranate rind b. green tea c. peppermint essential oil d. dried garlic extract e. none of the above

Answer 82

a. | pomegranate rind

Question 83

According to human research, the herbal medicines with the most supportive evidence in the treatment of Crohn's disease are: Select one or more: a. turmeric, chamomile, and peppermint b. bilberries, turmeric, and barberry c. wormwood, boswellia, and turmeric d. Aloe vera, slippery elm, and marshmallow root

Answer 83

c. | wormwood, boswellia, and turmeric

Question 84

Supplementation of what vitamin that appears to be most efficacious in the treatment of Crohn's disease? Select one or more: a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin D c. Vitamin B9 d. Vitamin B12

Answer 84

b. | Vitamin D

Question 85

The most important aspect of dealing with a child with viral gastroenteritis is: Select one: a. preventing dehydration b. shortening the duration of the diarrhea c. giving the right probiotic strain d. shortening the duration of the vomiting

Answer 85

a. | preventing dehydration

Question 86

Which of the following agents can be used to treat viral gastroenteritis? Select one: a. carob powder b. cinnamon bark tea c. blackberry or raspberry leaf tea d. all of the above e. none of the above

Answer 86

d. | all of the above

Question 87

Etiological factors involved in the development of Crohn's disease include all of the following except one. Choose the exception. Select one: a. living at higher latitudes b. recent antibiotic usage c. formula feeding in infancy and early childhood d. living in a rural environment

Answer 87

d. | living in a rural environment

Question 88

Dietary risk factors for Crohn's disease development include: Select one: a. a high refined sugar intake b. decreased consumption of vegetables and fruit c. consumption of a low fiber diet d. increased consumption of animal protein and a high total protein intake e. all of the above

Answer 88

e. | all of the above

Question 89

Conditions associated with Crohn's disease include all of the following except one. Choose the exception. Select one: a. SIBO b. lactose intolerance c. peptic ulcer disease d. Clostridium difficile infection e. fructose intolerance

Answer 89

c. | peptic ulcer disease

Question 90

Dietary suggestions that may improve gastrointestinal signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease patients in remission or prevent relapse include: Select one: a. eating a predominantly plant-based diet rich in antioxidants b. low lactose or lactose free diet c. low fructose diet d. all of the above e. high intake of animal protein and processed foods

Answer 90

d. | all of the above

Question 91

The most appropriate probiotic strain for the treatment of viral gastroenteritis is: Select one: a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii Biocodex b. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG c. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR1 d. Lactobacillus reuteri MM53 e. none of the above

Answer 91

b. | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

Question 92

What Western herbal medicine appears to have the greatest evidence in support for its use in the treatment of IBS? Select one or more: a. Peppermint essential oil b. Asafoetida c. Turmeric d. Fennel essential oil

Answer 92

a. | Peppermint essential oil

Question 93

Etiological factors involved in IBS include: Select one: a. dysbiosis b. altered GIT motility c. low-grade inflammation d. enhanced visceral perception e. all of the above

Answer 93

e. | all of the above

Question 94

Risk factors for the development of IBS include all of the following except: Select one: a. stressful life events b. familial disposition c. antibiotic use d. tinea versicolour e. acute GIT infection

Answer 94

d. | tinea versicolour

Question 95

The three GIT symptoms that have the greatest negative impact upon the quality of life of IBS sufferers are: Select one: a. distension, diarrhea and flatulence b. bloating, abdominal pain and straining at stool c. frequent belching, bloating and straining at stool d. bloating, diarrhea and frequent belching e. none of the above

Answer 95

b. | bloating, abdominal pain and straining at stool

Question 96

The prebiotic of choice in IBS is: Select one: a. galactooligosaccharides b. fructooligosaccharides c. lactulose d. lactitol e. all of the above

Answer 96

a. | galactooligosaccharides

Question 97

Choose the single answer that best answers the question. Agents that have demonstrated a capability to decrease one of the key underlying factors in IBS, visceral hypersensitivity, include: Select one or more: a. Both Iberogast and Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 b. Melatonin c. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 d. Iberogast herbal formula e. Both Iberogast and Melatonin

Answer 97

e. | Both Iberogast and Melatonin

Question 98

Other dietary considerations in IBS include: Select one: a. FODMAPs b. gluten c. IgG allergens d. all of the above e. none of the above

Answer 98

d. | all of the above

Question 99

The main tools used to normalize bowel habits in C-IBS are: Select one: a. fiber b. exercise c. fluid d. all of the above e. none of the above

Answer 99

d. | all of the above

Question 100

Treatment aims in IBS include: Select one: a. optimizing the GIT microflora b. minimize IBS symptoms c. diminish visceral hypersensitivity d. all of the above e. none of the above

Answer 100

d. | all of the above