Quiz1 Flashcards
What are the two parts of weight and balance?
The overall effect of gravity and other forces on the aircraft, weight, and the distribution of those forces on the aircraft.
What is weight and balance?
An aerodynamics consideration consisting of two parts.
What is the importance of weight and balance?
Safety, and performance.
What are the two factors that accompany safety?
Weight- gloading
Balance- stability
What are two types of stability?
Static and dynamic
What will an increase in weight accomplish?
Increase take off roll, fuel consumption, descent angle, decrease climb rate, service ceiling, tire lift and maneuverability.
Moving the balance point forward does what?
Requires a higher power setting for all airspeeds, makes the airplane harder to rotate on takeoff and flare on landing.
What happens when the balance point is moved rearward?
It increases the control inputs required by the pilot.
Who has the final authority for all operations of the aircraft? What CFR states this?
The pilot, 14 CFR 91
Where does the pilot get the information about weight and balance?
From the aircraft records
Whose responsibility is it to assure that the aircraft weight and balance numbers are correct, accurate and up to date?
The mechanics.
What requirement states that an aircraft operating under 14 CFR part 91 be periodically reweighed?
No requirement says that.
When is it required for an AMT performing a repair or alteration to update the weight and balance information and equipment list?
When the empty weight or balance conditions change
When are aircraft operating under 14 CFR part 121 required to be weighed?
Periodically, usually every twelve months.
What must be done when aircraft weight and balance records are lost or destroyed?
The aircraft must be reweighed.
What is all weight and balance theory based upon?
A first class lever.
What is a fulcrum?
The pivot point of a first class lever
What is arm?
The distance from a given reference point to a location.
What is moment?
A turning tendency produced by a force acting a given distance
Formula for moment?
M=Force x Arm
All downward forces are given what kind of sign?
Positive
All upward forces are given what sign?
Negative
All points right of the reference point are given what sign?
Positive
All points to the left of the reference point are given what sign?
Negative
All clockwise moments are given what sign?
Positive
All counterclockwise moments are given what sign?
Negative
The sum of all the moments with respect to the balance point will be what?
Zero
Formula for CG?
CG= Mt/Wt
Does it matter where the reference point is?
No.
What is the purpose of weighing?
The determine the empty weight and empty weight center of gravity of an aircraft after maintenance has been performed, and it is not practical or possible to mathematically calculate new empty weight and empty weight CG from previous information.
When would reweighing of an aircraft be done?
After completely rebuilding an aircraft, after repainting an aircraft, or if the records are lost.
Under what cfrs is it periodically required to have your plane reweighed?
135 125
Equipment for reweighing?
Scales
Tape measure and plumb bob
Level
Manuals for leveling procedure
what two types of scales may be used?
Platform scales
Load cells
Procedure for weighing
Check scale calibration
Get scale tare weights
Gently place on weigh points
Chock the aircraft to keep it from rolling
Level the aircraft in accordance with TCDS, SM or POH.
Adjust fluid levels in a level attitude
Two methods of leveling?
Plumb bob or spirit level
The plane must be leveled in what two directions?
Laterally and longitudinally
Acrobatic category?
An airplane certified under 14 CFR 23 which weighs 12500 lbs or less
Limited to 9 passengers excluding pilot
With no limitations on maneuvers unless placed on by the manufacturer
What is arm?
The horizontal distance from the reference point to what is considered to be the CG of an object
Algebraic sign?
The symbol used to indicate the orientation or position of a force, it’s location, or it’s turning tendency.
All nose up moments are
Positive
All nose down moments are
Negative
What is ballast?
Any weight used on the aircraft for the purpose of shifting the CG from one location to another
What is center of gravity?
The location on an aircraft, given in inches from the datum which:
All the weight of the aircraft can be thought to be concentrated.
The sum of all the moments about it will equal zero.
The three axes will intersect
CG limits?
The locations which are the most forward and most rearward points that the CG is allowed to be located.
CG range?
The distance from the forward CG limit to the rearward
CG limit
Commuter category?
An aircraft certified under 14 CFR 23 which must be multiengine Weigh 19000 lbs or less Limited to 19 passengers or less Limited to maneuvers incident to Normal flight
What is datum?
An imaginary plane from which all measurements are done for arms, taken along the longitudinal axis
Buttock line?
A vertical plane, measurements taken along the lateral axis.
Water line?
A horizontal plane, measurements taken along the vertical axis.
Delta?
A Greek letter which indicates a change in some
Value
Empty weight CG?
The location of the CG on the aircraft when the aircraft is in the empty weight condition.
Fuel load (useful fuel)?
The expendable part of the fuel carried on the aircraft.
Maximum gross weight?
The most an aircraft may weigh for
Any condition.
Max landing weight?
The most an aircraft is allowed to weigh at touchdown
Max ramp weight?
The most
An aircraft is allowed to weigh while sitting on the ramp.
Max takeoff weight?
The most an aircraft Is
Allowed to weight at the beginning of the takeoff roll
Empty weight?
The weight of the aircraft with all
Fixed ballast, unusable fuel, full operating fluids,
When was that darned reg change?
March 1st 1978
Mean aerodynamic chord?
Average chord length of a wing
Definition of Mac?
The distance from the LEMAC to the TEMAC
On larger aircraft the CG limits are sometimes given in what?
%MaC
Define minimum fuel.
The amount of fuel required for a half hour of flight at meto
Gallons can be estimated with
Meto/12
Pounds can be estimated with
Meto/2
Formula for CG in %MaC
CG in % MaC = (CG-LEMAC)x100
——————–
MAc
What is moment?
A turning tendency produced by a force acting at a given distance from a reference point
Moment index?
A moment which has been divided by a given constant
Net weight?
The weight read from the scales minus the rare weight
Operating CG Range?
The CG range which is critical to actual flight
Payload?
The part of the load which revenue is usually derived from
Reduction factor?
The constant that a moment is divided by to get the moment index
Residual fuel and oil?
The undrainable oil that will no drain from the airplane in normal ground attitude
Standard weights?
Weights assigned by the FAA for standard computations
avgas weight?
6 lbs gal
Turbine fuel weight?
6.7 lbs gal
Engine oil?
7.5
Lbs gal
Water?
8.35 lbs gal
Passenger and crew weights?
170 lbs per person normal category
190 acrobatic category
Station?
A location or position along the longitudinal axis given in inches and measured from the datum
Tare weight?
Any weight which is used in the weighing process, but not included in the weight of the aircraft
Unusable fuel?
That portion of the fuel which will not drain to the engine in the most adverse flight attitude
Useful load?
The maximum allowable weight of the pilot, passengers, baggage and useable fuel.
Useful load formula?
Mass gross weight - empty weight
Zero fuel weight?
The maximum weight an aircraft can weigh not including the weight of the fuel
