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MIS 320 - Networks and Security > Quiz X - IP Addressing & Routing (Ch. 7-8, 13) - (CANCELLED Quiz 3) > Flashcards

Quiz X - IP Addressing & Routing (Ch. 7-8, 13) - (CANCELLED Quiz 3) Flashcards

2
Q

What is the origin of the term internet?

A
  • A short form of the technical term internetwork
  • the result of interconnecting computer networks
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3
Q

What is The Internet?

A
  • A network of networks
  • consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks
  • local to global scope
  • linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies
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4
Q

Does the Internet have a centralized governance?

A
  • No, The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage
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5
Q

Is there an overarching standard for the Internet?

A
  • No, each constituent network sets its own standards
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6
Q

What body maintains IP address space and DNS definitions?

A
  • ICANN
  • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
  • Only the overarching definitions of the Internet Protocol (IP) address space and the Domain Name System (DNS), are directed by a maintainer organization
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7
Q

What agency controls the technical standards of the internet?

A
  • IETF
  • The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF),
  • a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.
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8
Q

How do you access the Internet?

A

you need an…

  • Internet Service Provider (ISP) and an
  • access line to your ISP
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9
Q

What does the ISP do?

A

Your ISP…

  • gives you access and
  • carries your packets
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10
Q

Do organizations also need to use an ISP?

A
  • Yes, organizations also need ISPs
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11
Q

What comprises the Internet backbone?

A
  • ISPs collectively comprise the Internet backbone
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12
Q

How do ISPs connect to each other?

A
  • They interconnect at Network Access Points (NAPs)
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13
Q

How are ISPs classified?

A
  • Tier-1 ISPs : national/international coverage
  • Tier-2 ISPs : smaller, often regional coverage
  • Tier-3 & Local ISPs : last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)
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14
Q

What are the relationships among different tiers of ISPs?

A
  • Tier-2 ISP is customer of Tier-1 provider
  • Local and Tier- 3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to rest of Internet
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15
Q

A data packet typically passes through only one network. True or False

A
  • False, a packet passes through many networks!
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16
Q

How do the Network and Transport layers function in regard to the Internet?

A

[insert slide 9 image here]

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17
Q

How does the Network layer “create” the Internet?

A
  • The network layer facilitates the interconnection of local networks establishing the Internet
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18
Q

What is TCP/IP?

A
  • A set of protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks
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19
Q

What do TCP and IP stand for?

A
  • TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
  • IP: Internet Protocol
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20
Q

What types of networks does TCP/IP support?

A
  • Supports both simple and complex networks
    • Small LAN
    • Multiple LANs interconnected into a WAN
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21
Q

What is the primary transmission responsibility of the Network layer?

A
  • hop-by-hop
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22
Q

What is the primary transmission responsibility of the Transport layer?

A
  • end-to-end
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23
Q

TCP operates on what OSI layer?

A
  • TCP is the Transport layer protocol
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24
Q

IP operates on what OSI layer?

A
  • IP is the Network layer protocol
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25
Q

When and where was TCP/IP created?

A

Created in the…

  • 1970s at
  • DARPA
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26
Q

Who created TCP/IP?

A
  • Vint Cerf
  • Bob Kahn
  • (called “the fathers of the Internet”)
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27
Q

What is DARPA?

A
  • Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
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28
Q

What is an IP address?

A
  • IP (Internet Protocol) address
  • assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer, router) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol
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29
Q

What versions of Internet Protocol are currently in use?

A
  • IP Version 4: 32 bits
  • IP Version 6: 128 bits
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30
Q

What is the length of an IPv4 address?

A
  • 32 bits
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31
Q

What is the length of an IPv6 address?

A
  • 128 bits
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32
Q

What is the maximum decimal number in an IPv4 address?

A
  • 255
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33
Q

What is the format of IPv4?

A
  • dotted decimal
  • four decimal numbers separated by dots
  • Each of the four parts represents a byte (8 bits)
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34
Q

Convert 129.174.1.38 into dotted decimal.

A
  • 129.174.1.38 = 10000001.10101110.00000001.00100110
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35
Q

What is a static IP address?

A
  • Manually type in all IP information (in the station)
  • Every IP address must be unique
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36
Q

What is a dynamic IP address?

A
  • Dynamically get address from a server using DHCP
  • Automatically assigns an IP address whenever a computer connects to the network
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37
Q

What is the difference between static and dynamic addresses?

A
  • static addresses do not change
  • dynamic addresses are assigned when a host connects to the network
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38
Q

What does DHCP stand for?

A
  • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
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39
Q

What is DHCP used for?

A
  • Assigning IP addresses to hosts joining a network that need an IP address
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40
Q

How does DHCP work?

A
  • Client requests IP address from DHCP server
  • DHCP server provides address and other info
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41
Q

What is the difference between the network address and the physical address?

A
  • Physical address—refers to a particular device
    • The physical address doesn’t change when the device is moved
  • Network address—refers only to the network in which the device resides
    • The network address changes when the device is moved
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42
Q

How can a device be reached by using an IP address?

A
  • To reach a device, there must be a mapping of its IP address to its physical address
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43
Q

What does ARP stand for?

A
  • Address Resolution Protocol
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44
Q

What is ARP used for?

A
  • ARP is used to
  • determine the MAC address of the destination computer
    • based on its IP address
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45
Q

What are the steps in ARP?

A
  • ARP broadcast by the originating router is used to determine the MAC address of the destination computer based on its IP address
  • The destination computer replies with its MAC address
  • The originating router records IP-Ethernet address pair in ARP cache and uses it to send future frames to the host without using ARP
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46
Q

What does ICMP stand for?

A
  • Internet Control Message Protocol
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47
Q

What is ICMP?

A
  • one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol (IP) Suite
  • chiefly used by the operating systems of networked computers to send error messages
  • indicating, for example, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached.
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48
Q

How are ICMP messages transmitted?

A
  • ICMP messages are embedded in IP packets
    • Type number—indicates kind of message problem
    • Code number—specific details within type
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49
Q

What are subnets?

A
  • logical networks with their own IP addresses
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50
Q

How are subnets created?

A
  • created by assigning hosts to groups with their own subnet addresses
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51
Q

Routers are used within subnets to connect hosts

A
  • No, hosts can physically reach each other without an intervening router
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52
Q

How are subnets logically defined?

A
  • organized many ways—by building, floor, department
53
Q

Can an entire subnet connect to the Internet with a single IP address?

A
  • Yes, a single IP address can connect a whole subnet to the Internet
54
Q

How are the IP addresses of subnets organized?

A
  • IP addresses are hierarchical in a subnet
55
Q

What are the first and second segments (part 1) of the IP address used for?

A
  • Network (not always 16 bits)
  • “nnn.nnn”
56
Q

What is the third segment (part 2) of the IP address used for?

A
  • Subnet (not always 8 bits)
  • “nnn”
57
Q

What is the fourth segment (part 3) of the IP address used for?

A
  • Host (not always 8 bits)
  • “nnn”
58
Q

Can an IP address be less than 32 bits?

A
  • No, the total of an IP address is always 32 bits
59
Q

How many parts does an IP address have?

A
  • An IP address usually has three parts
60
Q

What is classful addressing?

61
Q

How many bits are used for the network/subnet+host parts of a Class A network?

A
  • Class A: 8/24
62
Q

What is Class A addressing used for?

A
  • For few organizations needing many host addresses
  • Few bits for network addresses, many for hosts
63
Q

How many bits are used for the network/subnet+host parts of a Class B network?

A
  • Class B: 16/16
64
Q

What is Class B addressing used for?

A
  • For many companies with many hosts
  • Many bits for network addresses, but also many for hosts
65
Q

How many bits are used for the network/subnet+host parts of a Class C network?

A
  • Class C: 24/8
66
Q

What is Class C addressing used for?

A
  • For the great many organizations with very few hosts
  • Many bits for network addresses, few for hosts
67
Q

What about other classes?

A
  • Classes D & E are not important for individual computers
68
Q

How are network classes identified in an IP address?

A
  • Class identifier bits (prefixes) are
  • included in the network address part of the split
69
Q

What is the classful addressing prefix for a Class A network?

A
  • Class A (8/24) is 0
70
Q

What is the classful addressing prefix for a Class B network?

A
  • Class B (16/16) is 10
71
Q

What is the classful addressing prefix for a Class C network?

A
  • Class C (24/8) is 110
72
Q

Classful addressing diagram

A

Classful Addressing

73
Q

What is the main limitation of classful addressing?

A
  • Classful addressing wastes a lot of addresses
74
Q

How does classful addressing waste addresses?

A

An organization that applies for an IPv4 address…

  • Receives a network address with a block of host addresses
  • The size of this block is determined by class
  • If the organization can handle more addresses than it actually uses,
    • the other addresses associated with the company’s block go unused
75
Q

What is the main advantage of classless addressing?

A
  • Theoretically, all of 32 bits of address space would be available without restriction
  • Twice as many addresses could be created
76
Q

What does CIDR stand for?

A
  • CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing
77
Q

What is CIDR?

A
  • Allows any number of leftmost bits to be assigned as a network address
  • no class designation–addresses assigned based on the number of hosts a network can support
  • not limited to 8,16,or 24 bit network addresses
  • network address assignments can be more in line with an organization’s needs
78
Q

Does CIDR waste any IP addresses?

A
  • Still wastes addresses,
  • just not as many as classful addressing
79
Q

With classful addressing, if an organization requires 600 IP addresses, what class of IP addresses would the organization require? How many addresses will be wasted?

A
  • Class B
  • 2^16 - 2 = 65534 - 600 = 64,934 wasted IP addresses
80
Q

With classless addressing, if an organization requires 600 IP addresses, how many host bits would the organization require?

A
  • Need 10 bits (2^10 - 2 = 1022)
  • 422 wasted IP addresses
81
Q

Why are subnet masks used?

A
  • Problem: IP must give each computer a way to understand when a packet destination is local or on the WAN
    • Sending to host on same network: broadcast for MAC address
    • Sending to host on another network: send to default gateway
  • Solution: Subnet masks
    • Sending computer uses subnet mask to determine where to send packet
82
Q

What is a subnet mask?

A
  • A mask is a series of initial ones followed by series of final zeros, for a total of 32 bits
    • e.g., 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
      • (i.e., 255.255.255.0)
  • The bit patterns are applied to entire addresses to isolate their components
  • Used to separate network, subnet, and host addresses
83
Q

Subnet mask example

A

Subnet Mask

84
Q

What is the shorthand for subnet masks?

A

11111111111111111111111100000000 = /24 (24 ones) 11111111111111110000000000000000 = /16 (16 ones) 11111111000000000000000000000000 = /8 (8 ones)

85
Q

How can an IP address and a subnet mask be described in a single compact statement?

A
  • An IP address followed by the / and a number describes the IP and the address in one statement
  • 201.23.45.123/24 denotes IP address plus subnet mask
    • IP address = 201.23.45.123
    • Subnet mask = 255.255.255.0
  • 184.222.4.36/16 denotes IP address plus subnet mask
    • IP address = 184.222.4.36
    • Subnet mask = 255.255.0.0
86
Q

The length of a subnet mask is the same as that of an IP address.

True or False?

87
Q

The subnet mask in the notation 201.23.45.123/24 is ______

A. 201.23.45.123

B. 255.0.255.0

C. 255.255.0.0

D. 255.255.255.0

A
  • C. 255.255.255.0
88
Q

The host ID of the address 130.57.110.128/22 consists of ______ bits.

A. 5

B. 10

C. 15

D. 20

E. 22

A
  • B. 10
  • (32 bits - 22 bits = 10 bits)
89
Q

The subnet mask ______ is an example of classless subnetting?

A. /8

B. /12

C. /16

D. /24

A
  • B. /12
  • (/8, /16, /24 are all classful)
90
Q

How many bits long is an IPv4 address?

91
Q

How many possible addresses are available under IPv4?

A
  • ≈ 4.3 billion (232) possible addresses
92
Q

Why is the shift to IPv6 from IPv4 necessary?

A
  • address space soon to be completely allocated
  • developed in the 1980s, did not anticipate the enormous growth of the Internet
93
Q

How many bits long is an IPv6 address?

94
Q

How many possible addresses are available under IPv6?

A
  • 2128 possible addresses
95
Q

What are the advantages of IPv6 over IP v4?

A
  • increases the number of available IP addresses
  • improves security by making the Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) protocol support a standard
  • improves routing efficiency
96
Q

How are binary IPv6 addresses divided?

A
  • The address is divided along eight 16-bit boundaries
  • 0010000111011010 0000000011010011 0000000000000000 0010111100111011 0000001010101010 0000000011111111 1111111000101000 1001110001011010
97
Q

How are binary IPv6 addresses represented in hexadecimal?

A
  • Each 16-bit block in the address is converted to hexadecimal and
  • delimited with colons (called colon-hexadecimal)
  • 21DA:00D3:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A
98
Q

How can the hexadecimal IPv6 address be further simplified?

A

The address can be further simplified by…

  • removing the leading zeros within each 16-bit block
  • However, each block must have at least a single digit
  • 21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A
99
Q

Can the Internet switch immediately from IPv4 to IPv6?

A
  • No,
    • since the differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are substantial,
    • the Internet cannot be changed from one to the other overnight
100
Q

How is the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 being accomplished?

A

To permit gradual cutover and to allow for variations in timing,

  • three methods have been developed that permit functioning in mixed IPv4/IPv6 environments.
101
Q

What are the methods that allow functioning in mixed IPv4/IPv6 environments?

A
  • Dual stack
  • Translation
  • Tunneling
102
Q

Briefly describe the Dual Stack method of operating mixed IPv4/IPv6 environments.

A
  • Dual stack = nodes contain the stacks for both IP versions
103
Q

Briefly describe the Translation method of operating mixed IPv4/IPv6 environments.

A
  • Translation = the edge router translates the IPv6 header into an IPv4 header
104
Q

What is the most popular method for operating mixed IPv4/IPv6 environments?

105
Q

Why is the tunneling method used?

A
  • A packet from an IPv6 node or region of nodes (a cloud) may have to travel across an IPv4 cloud to reach another IPv6 node
106
Q

How does the tunneling method work?

A
  • An IPv4 tunnel is created for it to travel through
  • First it needs an IPv4 address from the IPv6 edge router at the IPv4/IPv6 border
  • The IPv6 router will encapsulate it into an IPv4 packet
  • At the other border, the IPv4 edge router will then decapsulate this packet
107
Q

What is the primary advantage of the tunneling method?

A
  • Avoids having to assign IPv4 addresses to IPv6-only nodes within a capsule
108
Q

What is the primary disadvantage of the tunneling method?

A
  • Additional processing at the borders
109
Q

Tunneling diagram

110
Q

IPv6 has ______ bits.

111
Q

In tunneling ______ packets are encapsulated within ______ packets.

A. IPv4; IPv6

B. IPv6; IPv4

A
  • B. IPv6; IPv4
112
Q

What is the purpose of a router?

A
  • forward traffic between networks
  • is connected to two or more data lines from different networks
  • forwards packets based on their destination IP address
113
Q

In which layer do routers operate?

A
  • network layer (layer 3)
114
Q

What are the main functions that a router performs?

A

Routing involves two basic activities:

  1. determining the optimal path a packet should take while traveling from source to destination
  2. processing an individual packet and transporting it through an internetwork based on its IP address
115
Q

How does a router determine how to send packets?

A
  • Determining optimal paths can be very complex
  • Each router comes with a routing table
116
Q

What does a routing table do?

A
  • Routing tables indicate where to send packets next
117
Q

What are the types of routing tables?

A
  • Static
  • Dynamic
118
Q

Briefly describe a static routing table.

A
  • Static—table entries are entered manually, and do not change
119
Q

Briefly describe a dynamic routing table.

A
  • Dynamic—entries are automatically updated
120
Q

How are switches organized, and how does this affect switching tables?

A
  • Ethernet switches are organized in a hierarchy
  • only one possible port to send a frame out
  • only **one row per address **in a switcing table
121
Q

How are routers organized, and how does this affect routing tables?

A
  • Routers are arranged in meshes
  • multiple alternative routes between hosts
  • a router may send a packet out more than one interface (port) and still get the packet to its destination host
122
Q

Can a routing table contain conflicting information about where to send a packet?

A
  • Yes, multiple rows may give conflicting information about what to do with a packet
123
Q

How does a router resolve conflicting information in a routing table?

A

Whenever a packet arrives, the router looks at the destination IP address, then…

  • Step 1: Finds all row matches
  • Step 2: Finds the best-match row
  • Step 3: Sends the packet back out based on the best-match row
124
Q

By what general method do routers determine how to route a packet?

A
  • Optimal path determination
125
Q

Describe optimal path determination.

A
  • Routing protocols use metrics to evaluate what path will be the best for a packet to travel:
    • Path length
    • Reliability
    • Delay
    • Bandwidth
    • Load
    • Communication cost
  • Routing algorithms initialize and maintain routing tables, which contain route information
  • Route information varies depending on the routing algorithm used
126
Q

Routers work at the ______ layer.

A
  • network (layer 3)
127
Q

The two main functions of an Internet router are ______ and ______ .

A
  • determine optimal path for the packet
  • send the packet along that path
128
Q

The path a packet takes may depend on the routing algorithm used by the router.

True or False?

MIS 320 - Networks and Security (4 decks)

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