Quiz Set 2 Flashcards
What muscles attaches to the anterior arch of C1
longus colli
what is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1
they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
what is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
what muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1
levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender
males: about fifty mm
females: about thirty-seven mm
what attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
with regard to ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, what is the gender bias, bone classification, amount ossification and general percent in the population
male, accessory bone, complete ponticulus posticus, fifteen percent
female, accessory bone, partial ponticulus posticus, twenty-six percent
what muscles attach to the transverse process of C1
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles
what is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1
males: 78 mm
females: 72 mm
what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender
a little over 30 mm for both males and females
what joint classifications are observed at C1
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, diarthrosis ellipsoidal trochoid, diarthrosis arthrodia
what names are given to C2
axis or epistropheus
what is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior
kyphotic dens
what joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, diarthrosis trochoid, modified diarthrosis sellar and amphiarthrosis symphysis
what ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2
membrana tectoria
what attaches to the lamina of C2
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
what is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2
backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
what is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2
males: fifty-seven mm
females: about fifty mm
what name is given only to C7
vertebra prominens
what is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
how many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7
eight
what muscles attach to the transverse process of C7
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
what is the orientation of the inferior articular face of C7
forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
what muscles attach to the spinous process of C7
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
the vertebral artery on which side is typically larger
left vertebral artery
what is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
what is the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency
vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
which side artery is tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
at what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop
atlanto-axial interspace
at what location will the vertebral artery from its second compensatory loop
atlanto-occipital interspace
at what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen
both C1 and C2
what is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
what happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine- medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
what artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries
basilar artery
what forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal
occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
what forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament, inferior vertebral notch of C1, superior vertebral notch of C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto-axial ligament
what forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
what features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
what is the aortic impression
flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims of the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which give the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side
what is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine
the vertebral body height difference
what joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, amphiarthrosis symphysis and diarthrosis arthrodia
how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic
four
how many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic
two
how many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic
typically four are identified; as many as eight if the rib articulation is included
how many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic
typically ten; fourteen if the rib ligaments are included
what is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib
costocentral joint
what does the intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the capitulum of the rib and the intervertebral disc
what feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracics
costocentral joint or ribs
which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic
lateral view
what ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic
superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
the superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T4 will attach to which rib
fifth rib
which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus, levator costarum brevis
how can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articular process
at T2-T4 the width between the superior articular processes is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
at T5-T8 the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic
forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
what is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic
backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics
T5-T8
what is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region
the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane
the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane
which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis
what muscles are associated with the five muscles layers of the true back
1- trapezius and latissimus dorsi 2- rhomboids and levator scapulae 3- serratus posterior 4- erector spinae 5- transverseospinalis
how many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1
typically ten; fourteen if the rib ligaments are included
what ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1
superior costotransverse ligament
what ligaments attach to the transverse process of T1
intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, lateral costotransverse
para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment
T10
a dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment
T10
what name is given to T11
anticlinal vertebra
which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12
psoas major and psoas minor
what ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib
superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and teh lumbocostal ligament from L1
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12
forward, downward, and lateral (FoLD)
how many synovial joints are typically present at T12
six
identify the synovial joint surfaces typically present at T12
two superior costal facets, two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets
what muscles attach to spinous process of T12
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis throacis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
which erector spinae muscle is unique in it’s attachment to the T12 spinous process
iliocostalis lumborum
what accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve
vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height
what muscles may attach to a typical lumbar vertebral body
psoas major and psoas minor
what is the name given to ligaments which attach vertebral body to articular process
transforaminal ligaments
what ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process
corporotransverse ligaments
what is the proposed function of the Hoffmann ligaments in the cervical- upper thoracic region
resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord
what is the proposed function of the lumbar Hoffman ligaments
resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion
what osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region
overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes; overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes
a styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition
7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process
what was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo- accessory ligament
medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
what muscle(s) attach to the lumbar accessory process
longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii
what names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or position and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position
joint asymmetry or joint tropism
what is the name(s) of the condition when the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process
Baastrup’s syndrome or “kissing spines”
what ligaments attach to the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra
the lumbosacral, iliolumbar, mammillo-accessory and intertransverse ligaments
what was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament
medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
what is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain
Knife Clasp Syndrome
Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals
fetuses, newborns, rarely in children under five years old, patients who have never walked and in non-erect species
what is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis
men at L5/S1; women at L4/L5
what is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view
a collared Scotty dog
what characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis
rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida
what is the ethnic, gender, and locational bias associated with sacral spondylolysis
native Alaskan (Inuit) male at the S1 level
identify all names given to type 1 spondylolisthesis
dysplastic spondylolistesis, congenital spondylolistesis
what gender bias, location bias, and spinal canal dimensions are associated with type II spondylolisthesis
isthmic spondylolistesis is common in men, located at the L5/S1 level and demonstrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
what is the gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type III spondylolisthesis
degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at L4/L5, and demonstrates no change in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
what are the cause(s) associated with type V spondylolisthesis
bone diseases such as Paget disease or osteogenesis imperfecta
what features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest
mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5
what features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest
S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, transverse tubercles of S3, S4, and S5
what is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity
accessory sacro-iliac joint
what forms the posterior boundary for the first coccygeal spinal nerve intervertebral foramen
sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament, intercornual ligament
what forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal
union of the superficial dorsal and deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligaments
superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented backward, upward, and medial
C1, C3-7, L1-L5, S1
superior articular facets of which vertebrae are oriented back,up, medial and concave
C1, L1-L5, S1
inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, medial, and downward
C1
superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, upward, and lateral
C2, T1-12
inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, lateral, and downward
C2-6, T12, L1-5
inferior articular facets of which segments are oriented forward, lateral, downward and convex
T12, L1-5
inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, medial, and downward
C7, T1-11
what is another way of implying occipitalization of C1
atlas assimilation
what joint is formed between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2
subdental synchondrosis
what is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7
os odontoideum
what is the name given to the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification
tip of the dens synchondrosis
if the joint formed between the tip of the des and odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, which is the condition called
terminal ossicle
what is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T12
backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
what developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve
crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
what developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve
centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops the head is held upright
the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
what is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect
the righting reflex
which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine
L5
what is characteristic of lumbarization of S1
the failure of synostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala
what T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization
the superior articular facet may change from flat, back, upward, and lateral to concave, back, lateral, and downward; the superior articular facet is unchanged
what is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1
males are two to three times more affected
what C7 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization
the inferior articular facet may change from forward, medial, and downward to forward, lateral, and downward; the superior articular facet is unchanged
what is the gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7
female
what is the incidence of rib-related changes following dorsalization of C7
from one-half to two and one-half percent of the population
