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GloPo > Quiz S6 P2 > Flashcards

Quiz S6 P2 Flashcards

1
Q

Peace definition

A

Peace is the absence of violence or conflict, sometimes underpinned by a level of deeper equity and harmony

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2
Q

Can peace by determined simply by visible evidence?

A

No, it cannot be determined simply by visible evidence, such as the absence of violent confrontation

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3
Q

Negative peace definition

A

Involves merely the absence of active, organized violence by state and non-state groups

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4
Q

First stage in conflict resolution

A

When the aim is to stop immediate violence (negative peace)

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5
Q

Positive peace definition

A

Looks more deeply in what helps sustain peace beyond simply reducing or stopping violence. In positive peace there is no visible violence and no deeper social causes of conflict.

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6
Q

Theoretical viewpoints - Negative peace

A

Realists: The more natural state in an anarchical world order. States exist to protect and advance their own national interests. their priority is national security over peace for its own sake.
Liberalists: A desirable and realist first objective, perhaps to be achieved through diplomacy, negotiation and with the assistance of IGOs. A means to an end, rather than an end in itself.

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7
Q

Theoretical viewpoints - Positive peace

A

Realists: An unrealistic aim. It is natural for states to compete with each other. Equal status among nation states is bot impossible and undesirable.
Liberalists: The desired final state in all conflict situations, seen as realistic and achievable. Both sides will be willing to make big concession on core interest and seek to reconcile and forgive.

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8
Q

Theory of Balance of Power

A

States that national security is strengthened when military capability is distributed so that no single state is strong enough to dominate all others.

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9
Q

Power - Unipolarity

A

One great power / hegemony exists and cannot be challenged militarily by any other. Realists call this hegemonic stability theory.

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10
Q

Power - Bipolarity

A

Example: Cold War with USA and Soviet Union, never fought each other directly. Mutually assured destruction.

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11
Q

Power - Multipolarity

A

Current world order. Many powers are competing with each other and non-state groups are challenging nation states in armed conflict.

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12
Q

Realists on multipolarity?

A

Realists believe there is more instability.

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13
Q

Liberalists on multipolarity?

A

Liberals are more optimistic, nations working together in the common interest.

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14
Q

Democratic peace theory

A

Some theorists believe that democracy itself promotes peace. They note that conflict between democratic states is rare. It is suggested that in democratic states, there is a fairer balance of power and distribution of wealth and resources.

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15
Q

Peacekeeping definition

A

Means keeping people from attacking each other by putting some kind of barrier between them. Often this barrier is made up of neutral soldiers from the UN or a group of neutral nations. Soldiers simply keep the two sides apart.

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16
Q

Peacemaking definition

A

The process of forging a settlement between the disputing parties. This can be done in direct negotiations with two disputants, or with third-party mediator.

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17
Q

Peacebuilding definition

A

The process of normalizing relations and reconciling differences between all the citizens of the warring factions.

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18
Q

Conflict escalation and de-escalation model

A
  1. Difference
  2. Contradiction
  3. Polarization
  4. Violence
  5. War
  6. Ceasefire
  7. Agreement
  8. Normalization
  9. Reconciliation

(Dogs can play very well, cats are natural runners)

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19
Q

Third party intervention

A

Occurs when an impartial party intentionally enters the conflict situation with the objective of breaking into this conflict spiral to regulate or end its destructive course.

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20
Q

What does the entry of a third party do in an conflict?

A

Change the conflict structure and allows for a different pattern of communication to develop.

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21
Q

Conflict definition

A

Galtung: Actors in pursuit of incompatible goals
It is fundamentally about disagreement and competition over power, identity, resources, or territory.

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22
Q

Main reasons for a conflict being non-violent

A
  • A legitimate structure or process for dialogue is in place, and everyone involved is using this,
  • Democratic structures allow the population to be consulted. The results of these consultations are considered legitimate.
  • The parties involved in the dispute are dependent on each other and would be harmed if the dispute became violent.
  • Violent solutions are against the core interests of all parties.
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23
Q

Reason for violent conflict

A
  • Lack of trust between both sides of the conflict.
  • No structure exists for the dispute to be resolved peacefully, through dialogue or democratic reasons.
  • Grievance and trauma are sustaining, and deepening the conflict.
  • Violent approaches are seen as the only way to secure core interests.
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24
Q

Dispute defintion

A

A political conflict is classified as a dispute if it meets all elements of the basic concept (disagreement, argument, debate)

25
Q

Non-violent conflict definition

A

A political conflict is classified as a non-violent crisis if physical violence is being implicit or explicit threatened to persons or property by at least one of the actors, or if one actor uses physical violence against property, without regarding the injury of people as acceptable.

26
Q

Violent crisis definition

A

A political conflict is classified as a violent crisis when at least one actor uses force sporadically against persons or things in case that physical violence against people is considered acceptable.

27
Q

Limited war definition

A

A political conflict is classified as a limited war when at least one actor uses force against people and maybe things in a distinctive way. Means and consequences are serious.

28
Q

War definition

A

A political conflict is classified as a war when at least one actor uses force massively against people and maybe things. The applied means and consequences need to be framed as extensive.

29
Q

Factors that define types of conflicts

A
  1. The nature of the groups involved - nation states or non-state groups
  2. The contradiction that is the cause of the conflict - ideology, revolution, violent organized crime, or dispute over territory or resources
30
Q

Intrastate war defintion

A

Between the government of a state and internal opposition without intervention from other states. Most common for of violent conflict.

31
Q

Interstate war defintion

A

The primary warring parties, who first states the incompatibility, must be government parties.

32
Q

Extra-state conflict definition

A

Between a state and a non-state group outside its own territory and can be further subdivided into colonial war and imperial war. Has not been seen since 1975 when Indonesia conquered Timor.

33
Q

Internationalized internal conflict definition

A

Between the government of a state and internal opposition groups, with intervention from other states.

34
Q

Non-state conflicts definition

A

Between two organized armed groups, neither of which is the government of a state.

35
Q

Data conflict definition

A

Data conflict results in the lack of access to information, resulting in two parties getting access to two different interpretations of the same information, causing a conflict.

36
Q

Interest conflict definition

A

Interest conflicts arise when different nations, groups or organizations have conflicting goals related to economic, political, or social objectives.

37
Q

Structural conflicts definition

A

Structural conflict are conflicts caused by destructive patterns, unequal power and poor distribution of resources.

38
Q

Value conflicts definition

A

Value conflicts are all about the difference criteria for evaluation ideas and/or behavior, ways of life, ideology and religion.

39
Q

What is Hezbollah?

A

Hezbollah is a Shiite Muslim political party and militant group based in Lebanon. Having extensive security apparatus, political organization, and social services network, they are considered as “a state within a state”. They manage infrastructure, health-care facilities, schools, and youth programs. The Iran-backed group, serves as a proxy, that opposes Israel and Western powers operating in the Middle East.

40
Q

Factors for a full conflict to exist

A
  1. Attitudes
  2. Behaviors
  3. Contradictions
41
Q

Conditions making violent conflict more likely

A
  1. Little or no democratic means of dispute resolution; minorities excluded from political representation
  2. Wealth, territory or resources shared unequally and controlled by powerful elites
  3. Poverty
  4. Government is above the law, making arbitrary and illegitimate decisions
  5. Judicial system is absent or interfered with, not independent or fair
  6. Human rights are abused
42
Q

Conditions making violent conflicts less likely

A
  1. Democratic institutions exist, with full political equality and participation
  2. Equal sharing of wealth and resources
  3. Equality of opportunity for all
  4. Government respects the rule of law
  5. Disputes can be resolved fairly through a fair and independent judicial system
  6. Respect for human rights
43
Q

Galtung’s model levels

A

Manifest level: obvious evidence of conflict - Behavior
Latent level: where deeper causes and conditions of conflict can be analyzed - Attitudes and Contradictions

44
Q

Galtung’s model how to reduce factors

A

Behavior (ex. violence, genocide) reduced through peacekeeping
Attitude (ex. racism, sexism) reduced through peacemaking
Contradiction (ex. inequality, dispute) reduced through peacebuilding

45
Q

Conflict is defined by (types of groups)

A

In terms of inclusion and exclusion / originate from this in-group (groups we believe we belong to) and out-group hostility

46
Q

Underlying causes of internal conflict

A
  1. Structural factors: weak states, intra-state security concerns, ethnic geography
  2. Economic/Social factors: economic problems, discriminatory economic systems, modernization
  3. Political factors: discriminatory political institutions, exclusionary national ideologies, inter-group politics, elite politics
  4. Cultural/Perceptual factors: patterns of cultural discrimination, problematic group histories
47
Q

Distinction between state and non-state actors

A

State actors have certain rights and responsibilities, both morally and legally. Non-state actors may not have the above.

48
Q

Prejudiced behavior - Antilocution definition

A

Hostile talking, including jokes

49
Q

Prejudiced behavior - Avoidance definition

A

Keeping a distance, but without actively inflicting harm

50
Q

Prejudiced behavior - Extermination definition

A

Indiscriminate violence against the entire group

51
Q

Violent protest groups…

A

Violent protest groups generally claim they have the right to use violence as they are fighting a stronger opponent with more resources, weaponry and financial support.

52
Q

Violence defintion

A

Violence is when physical, mental, or other harm is caused by an individual or group to another

53
Q

Direct violence defintion

A

Individual or group is physically or mentally harmed through direct action (ex. bomb attack)

54
Q

Indirect (structural) violence defintion

A

When a government or other forms of power functions in a way that results in physical, mental, or other harm to individuals or groups. Forms of violence that forcibly and consciously limit human development or undermines well-being. (ex. inequalities that deny people fundamental rights)

55
Q

Cultural violence defintion

A

Mindset, beliefs, and values of a society (ex. domestic abuse)

56
Q

Justifications for violence (war)

A
  1. Realpolitik - suggesting that war, as a political act, needs no moral justification
  2. Just war theory - war is only justified when it conforms to moral principles
  3. Pacifism - war, an unnecessary evil, can never be justified
57
Q

Principles of a just war / jus ad bellum just recourse to war

A
  1. Last resort
  2. Just cause
  3. Legitimate authority
  4. Right intention
  5. Reasonable prospect of success
  6. Proportionality
58
Q

Principles of a just war / jus in bellum just recourse in war

A
  1. Discrimination
  2. Proportionality
  3. Humanity
59
Q

Treaties

A

International law and treaties govern the conduct of armed conflict. Agreements by treaty are only binding for states that have signed those treaties and are certainly not binding for non-state groups.

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