Quiz's from class Flashcards
Theories are vital tools because they
provide organizing frameworks for observing children.
Reid believes that the difference between the immature being and the mature being is simply one of amount or complexity of skill development. Reid views development as
continuous.
Charlene believes that her daughter’s ability to think in complex ways is largely the result of an inborn timetable of growth. Charlene’s view emphasizes
nature.
Both behaviourism and social learning theory have been criticized for
underestimating children’s contributions to their own development.
Heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele for a given trait
are carriers of the trait.
Personality variations among siblings is due to
polygenic inheritance.
A heritability estimate of .30 for activity level would indicate that differences in __________ could explain ____ of the variation in activity level between children.
heredity; 30%
Following conception, the one-celled ________ multiplies and forms a(n) ________.
zygote; blastocyst
Valerie, who is two-months pregnant, wonders how food and oxygen are delivered to the developing fetus. You should tell Valerie that the ___________ performs this function.
placenta
The _____ have a long period of sensitivity to teratogens.
brain and eyes
The first stage of labour
climaxes with a brief phase called transition.
Henrietta is concerned about using epidural analgesia during labour. You can tell her that newborns exposed to epidural analgesia tend to
have lower Apgar scores than those who are not exposed.
In induced labours,
the mother is given a synthetic hormone that simulates contractions.
Birth weight is the best available predictor of
infant survival.
At birth, visual structures in
both the eyes and the brain are not yet fully formed.
Baby fat
helps an infant maintain a constant body temperature.
The cortical regions with the most extended period of development are the ________ lobes.
frontal
Baby Paul’s mother strokes his hair just before he eats. Now, when Paul’s mother strokes his hair, Paul begins to suck. Paul’s response to the stroking illustrates
classical conditioning.
When baby Marcia’s mother first ran the dishwasher while Marcia slept, the noise woke Marcia. After several weeks, however, Marcia began sleeping through the noise of the dishwasher. This is an example of
habituation
Which of the following pictures is newborn Rori most likely to prefer?
a facelike drawing with the features arranged naturally
According to Piaget, infants’ very first schemes are
sensorimotor action patterns.
Today, infant tests are largely used for
screening to identify babies in need of intervention.
Baby Parker’s mom shows him his pacifier behind a pillow. Parker reaches for it and finds it several times. Parker’s mom then shows him his pacifier hidden under a cup. Parker continues to search for it behind the pillow. This is most likely because Parker
is not yet able to make an accurate A–B search.
In the violation-of-expectation method, researchers use _________ to familiarize babies with a situation in which their knowledge will be tested.
habituation
According to core knowledge theorists,
each “prewired” core domain of thought permits a ready grasp of new, related information and, therefore, supports early, rapid development.
According to Erikson’s theory, a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the
quality of caregiving.
Basic emotions
are universal in humans.
Rahim, age 11 months, is wary of strangers. However, when his mother sits on the floor, Rahim ventures a few feet away from her for a few minutes at a time, and then returns to her for emotional support. Rahim is
using his mother as a secure base.
Gil describes his son as calm and cautious. He describes his daughter as cheerful and energetic. Gil’s descriptions refer to the children’s
temperaments.
In the 1950s, a famous experiment of rhesus monkeys reared with terry-cloth and wire-mesh “surrogate mothers” provided evidence that
the development of emotional ties between infant and mother does not depend on hunger satisfaction.
According to Piaget, the most obvious change during the preoperational stage is the increase in
representational activity.
As children realize that agents and recipients of pretend actions can be independent of themselves, make-believe play
becomes less self-centered.
Vygotsky’s theory stresses the __________ of cognitive development.
social context
According to Erikson, play
permits preschoolers to try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure
Which of the following is true about cognitive development and emotional understanding?
Young children focus on the most obvious aspect of a complex emotional situation to the neglect of other relevant information.
According to the psychoanalytic perspective, which of the following leads to the formation of the conscience and moral behaviour?
avoidance of guilt
In Piaget’s concrete operational stage,
thought is more logical, flexible, and organized than it was during early childhood.
Some Neo-Piagetian theorists like Robbie Case argue that the development of operational thinking can best be understood in terms of
gains in information-processing speed.
When describing themselves, older school-age children are _____ likely than younger children to _________________.
far less; describe themselves in all-or-nothing ways
Learned-helpless children
hold a fixed view of ability.
In biology class, Zia had to determine which of two fertilizers was best for growing African violets. She tested not just for type of fertilizer but also for its concentration and frequency of use. Zia used
hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
Bryan (formal operational) hears the following statement: “Either the train is moving or it is not moving.” If Bryan is in the formal operational stage, he will say that
the statement is true.
Sixteen-year-old Alyssa speaks differently to her boss at work, her parents at home, and her friends at school. Alyssa demonstrates mastery of
pragmatics
Which of the following adolescents are at greatest risk for academic and emotional difficulties after a school transition?
Those who have to cope with added life strains, such as family disruption or poverty.
e correct order of the phases of vocational development is
fantasy period, tentative period, realistic period
Erin has no real interests or hobbies, and she cannot stay committed to an activity, a part-time job, or her school work. Some of her peers have called her “shallow,” and her aunt complains that she is “directionless.” Erikson would say that Erin
is experiencing role confusion.
Which of the following is a key theme in the self-concepts of older adolescents?
personal and moral standards
Which of the following is true?
The adolescent suicide rate is three to four times higher among boys than girls.
Kohlberg and Piaget both believed that moral understanding
was gained by actively grappling with moral issues and perspective taking.
Proponents of emerging adulthood as a distinct period note that
it applies to most young people in industrialized societies.
