Quiz Quiz Flashcards
porin protein
provides
a channel for a small molecule to diffuse across a cell membrane.
Collagen
gives strength to skin, bones, tendons (which connect muscles to bones), and ligaments (which connect bones in joints).
The function of a protein is related to it’s shape
True
Gene
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein
What is the function of RNA?
The RNA serves as a copy of the DNA or “instructions” that is easily transported outside the nucleus to the ribosomes that make the proteins.
Explain how different versions of this protein enzyme can result in albinism vs. normal skin and hair color.
The protein that is made using the correct instructions (RNA) will have the correct shape needed to connect to the building blocks needed to make melanin. If the gene isn’t correct, the functional will not be made
Explain base pairs and dna look like thingy
Each base in one strand of the DNA double helix is paired with a base in the other strand. The base-pairing rules describe which bases pair together in a DNA double helix. A in one strand pairs with T in the other strand. C in one strand pairs with G in the other strand.
The sequence of - in the DNA of a gene determines the sequence of - in RNA which determines the sequence of - in a protein which determines the - and - of the protein which influences the - of the organism.
The sequence of nucleotides in the DNA of a gene determines the sequence of nucleotides in RNA which determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein which determines the structure and function of the protein which influences the characteristics of the organism.
When a cell replicates, what are the cells called?
First cell: mother. Other two: daughters.
Were your observations in this lab qualitative or quantitative? How do you know?
Qualitative, because our observations were not numerical.
What is a polyploid?
More than 2 sets of chromosomes
DNA is a bio molecule and a polymer. What are the monomers of DNA?
nucleotides
DNA is a bio molecule and a polymer. What are histones and what do they do?
Histones are like spools for DNA to keep it from getting tangled
Membranes in a cell are composed of a -
Phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipids have a - end and - end
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
What makes something polar?
+ and - end, physically uneven
DNA is a hydrophilic molecule. Why?
It’s polar <3
how does a gene give the instructions for making a protein?
The instructions from DNA are converted to RNA (transcription), which leaves the nucleus, which travels to the ribosomes to make proteins (translation)
How do genes give instructions?
First, the instructions in the gene in
the DNA are copied to messenger RNA,
which is usually abbreviated as mRNA.
This process is called transcription
Then, mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Finally, the instructions in mRNA are used to make a protein. This process is called translation
What are the types of proteins?
Enzymes, transport, structural, storage, hormonal, defense, contractile
What do enzyme proteins do
Enzymes: Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells. Examples include:
Amylase: Breaks down starches.
Lipase: Breaks down fats
What do transport proteins do
Function: Carry substances and molecules throughout the body.
Example: Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood
What do structural proteins do?
Function: Provide support and shape to cells and tissues.
Examples:
Keratin: Strengthens hair and nails.
Collagen: Provides structure to skin and connective tissues
What do storage proteins do?
Function: Store essential nutrients.
Example: Ferritin stores iron in the body
Iron- FE- FErritin
What do hormonal proteins do?
Function: Regulate physiological processes.
Example: Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels
What do defense proteins do?
Function: Protect the body against pathogens.
Example: Immunoglobulins (antibodies) fight off infections
What do contractile proteins do?
Function: Involved in muscle contraction and movement.
Example: Myosin is crucial for muscle contraction
The sequence of - on each - determine how a protein folds
The sequence of R group side chains on each amino acid determine how a protein folds.
Talk about the structures of a protein
Primary structure (sequence right after translation), secondary structure (alpha helix, one curl) , tertiary structure (beta sheets), and a quantenary structure with polar on outside and nonpolar on inside it’s a unique snowflake thing
Peptide bond
A molecule of water is removed from two amino acids (OH and H)
Amino acids - what is the amino group
One end is two H’s and an N
Carboxyl group
C, O, and OH. the end of the “chain” (c-terminus)
Carbozxyl is the - end and amino group is -
Terminus and stat end
3 types of DNA mutations
Substitution, insertion, deletion
Substitution mutation
One base pair is replaced with another
Insertion mutation
One or more base pairs is added to a sequence
Deletion mutation
One or more base pairs is lost from the sequence
5 possible outcomes from mutation types
Silent, substitution, premature stop, codon deletion or insertion, frame shift
Hydrophobic amino acids
nonpolar amino acids composed of carbon & hydrogen which makes them unsoluble in water; found inside proteins, stabilizes protein core
Types of hydrophobic amino acids
Aliphatic and aromatic
Aliphatic amino acids
branched hydrocarbon chains due to the structural rigidity of the amino acid structure, it can change the 3D structure of the protein, often occurs at folding or turning points
THE ONES WITH THE HEXAGONS
Aromatic amino acids
hydrocarbons that form a ringed structure; nonpolar and hydrophobic
Hydrophilic amino acids
polar amino acids composed of an O-H, N-H, or S-H; soluble in water (also polar); O, N, & S form hydrogen bonds with each other & water; found on the outer parts/edges of proteins basically HNOF but HNOS…????
Polar uncharged amino acids
side chains contain hetero (different) atoms which can form PERMANENT dipole
Acidic amino acids
groups that donate hydrogen ions (protons) make them negatively charged, play an important role in protein folding and stability as well as enzyme catalysts
(This r chain is likely to give protons)
Basic amino acids
amino acids that accept protons making them positively charged, they play roles in enzymatic catalysts, protein interactions and signal transduction
(This r chain is likely to gain protons)
Describe protein structure is hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Hydrophillic goes on outside and hydrophobic goes inside (in water which is our body lol)
What happens when you mix amino acids with opposite charges?
The negative and positive amino acids attract each other and form a structure.
what are the parts of an amino acids
The alpha carbon (the one at the center), the amino group (NH2), the carboxyl group (COOH), the random H at the top, and R group
When an acidic amino acid “gives protons” what is it really doing?
their side chains contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) which can readily lose a hydrogen ion (proton) to become negatively charged; essentially acting as a proton donor. Hydrogen ion with no electron is just a proton
