Quiz Questions Part 1 Flashcards
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
Osteoblast: form bone
Osteocyte: maintain or nurture bone
Osteoclast: remodel bone
What are the bone cells embedded in?
An amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals.
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
Glycosaminoglycans
What is the principle type of protein fiber found in bone?
Type 1 collagen
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
Hydroxyapatite
What is wolffs law as it pertains to bone?
Living tissue will respond to stressors
Bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress
What are the three main responses of bone to allow it to be described as “living”?
Heal
Remodel under stressors and
Age
What is bone the embryological derivative of?
Mesenchyme or cartilage
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
Intramebranous ossification
What is the timing for appearance of intramembranous ossification?
From the second to the third month in utero
What bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?
Nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible and clavicle, squama of the temporal and occipital bones and the greater wing of the sphenoid.
What bones of the facial skeleton are formed by intramembranous ossification?
Nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, maxilla and part of the mandible
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
Endochondral ossification
What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?
Chondrocranium
What skull bones ossify by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
Mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones
What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering on bone?
Periosteum
What are the four basic tissues of the human body?
Epithelium
Muscle
Neural tissue
Connective tissue
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal Anatomy?
Heterotopic and accessory bone
What is the name given to bone formed in non-bone location?
Heterotopic bone
What is the primary characteristic of short bones?
They are essentially cuboidal
What are the examples of short bones?
Most of the bones of carpals and tarsals
What are examples of flat bones?
Parietal bone and sternum
What is the characteristic of pneumatic bone?
Air spaces within the bone
What are the examples of pneumatic bone?
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal
What bones contain paranasal sinuses?
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla and sphenoid
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
The bone develops within a tendon
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bone?
Patella and pisiform
What are examples of heterotopic bone?
Calcific deposits in pineal gland, heart and ligaments
What are examples of accessory bone?
Para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
What are the four basic surface feature categories?
Elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways and facets
What are the types of osseous elevations?
Linear, rounded and sharp
What are the types of osseous linear elevations?
The line, ridge and crest
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
Tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus
What is the definition of an osseous trochanter?
A large, blunt projection from the surface of bone with a significant base and height
What is the definition of and osseous malleolus?
A hammer-head likee elevation on the surface of bone
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
Spine and process
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
Linear and rounded
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
Notch or incisure, groove and sulcus
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
The fovea and fossa
What is the definition of an osseous fovea?
A shallow depression of variable circumference on the surface of bone.
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
Ostium of orifice and hiatus
What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?
An irregular opening on the surface of bone
What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?
Foramen or canal
What is the definition of an osseous foramen?
An ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone
What is the definition of an osseous canal?
An ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?
Meatus
What is the definition of an osseous fissure?
An irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones
What are the categories of osseous facets?
Flat facets and rounded facets
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
Articular heads and articular condyles
What is the definition of an osseous condyle?
A knuckle-shaped surface on bone for osseous articulation
How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?
80
What bones form the axial skeleton?
Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
The cranium
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
What bones form the facial skeleton?
Mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine and zygomatic
How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?
14
How many bones comprise the typical adult auditory ossicles?
6 bones
How many bones are present in the adult hyoid?
One bone
What is the number of bones comprising each region of the typical adult spinal column or vertebral column?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
The spine
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24 bones
What is the definition of “spine” as it pertains to the vertebral column?
The pre-sacral region of the vertebral column or spinal column
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1 bone
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?
The manubrium sterni, the corpus sterni and the xiphoid process
How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?
12 pair or 24 ribs
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?
33 segments
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?
26 segments
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical spine?
24 segments
What constitutes the spine?
24 presacral segments, the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
How many segments unite to form the sacrum?
5 segments
How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx?
4 segments
Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?
The two toed sloth, manatee, ant bear, and three toed sloth
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
The ant bear and the three-toed sloth
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
The manatee and two-toed sloth
What does the term cervical refer to?
The region of the neck
What does the term “thoracic” refer to?
Breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
The dorsal segments; the dorsals
What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?
12 segments
What does the term “lumbar” refer to?
The loin; the region between the rib and the hip
What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?
5 segments
What does the term “sacrum” refer to?
The holy bone or holy region
What does the term “coccyx” refer to?
A cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak
What is the length of a typical male spinal column?
About 70 cm or 28 inches
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
About 60 centimeters or 25 inches
What is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spinal column?
About 3 inches
What is the length of the male cervical region?
About 12 centimeters or 5 inches
What is the length of the male thoracic region?
About 28 centimeters or 11 inches
What is the length of the male lumbar region?
About 18 centimeters or 7 inches
What is the length of the male sacrum?
About 12 centimeters or 5 inches
Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine?
About 58 cm or 23 in
What parts of the body are supported by the vertebral column?
The head, UL, ribs, viscera and pelvis
How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
Ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accomodate weight-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 and the auricular surface
Distinguish between motion and locomotion
Motion is movement without travel; locomotion is movement to a new site or location
What organ(s) is (are) specifically associated witht the horizontal axis of the skull?
The eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
What are the 3 layers of the embryo called?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Invagination of the ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
Notocord
What is the name given to mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?
Paraxial mesoderm
What does paraxial mesoderm give rise to that will form the vertebral column
Somites
What part of the somite will give rise to the vertebral column?
Sclerotome
List, in order, the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?
Membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous
Migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?
The perichordal blastema
The perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?
Neural processes and costal processes
What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastemae?
Intersegmental artery
Cell proliferation within the perichordal blastema will result in what features?
A loose cranial sclerotomite and a dense caudal sclerotomite
What forms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?
The intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)
What is the earliest embryonic feature that will identify the position of the adult intervertebral disc?
The intrasclerotomal fissure (of von Ebner)
The union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastema gives rise to what feature?
The vertebral blastema
What vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?
The segmental artery
What is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?
Chondrification
Chondrification begins in which region of the embryonic vertebral column?
The cervical region
What are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema?
Centrum center, neural arch center, transverse process center
How many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?
Six… 2 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arch, 2 for each transverse process
What is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in cartilagenous vertebra?
During the 7th embryonic week
What is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossificaiton for a typical vertebra?
3 primary centers: 5 secondary centers
What are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
Centrum centers and neural arch centers
What is the classification of the joint forming between primary centers of ossification?
Cartilage synchondrosis/amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
What are the names of the synchondroses forming between primary centers of ossification in the typical vertebra?
Neurocentral synchondrosis and neural arch synchondrosis
What are the names of the five secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
Tip of transverse process, tip of spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers
How many secondary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra?
Five… 1 for the tip of each transverse process, 1 for the tip of the spinous process, 1 for each epiphyseal plate
What is the classification of the joint forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?
Cartilage synchondrosis/amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
What are the names of the synchondroses forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?
Tip of the transverse process synchondrosis, tip of the spinous process synchondrosis, and epiphyseal ring synchondrosis
What is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra?
During puberty, typically ages 11-16 yrs old.
What are the three basic osseous parts of a vertebra?
The vertebral body, vertebral arch, and the apophyseal regions
What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?
Cervical-rectangular; thoracic-triangular; lumbar-rentiform
What is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?
Superior epiphyseal rim, inferior epiphyseal rim
What is the name given to the cartilage found at the superior and inferior surface of a developing vertebral body?
Superior epiphyseal plate, inferior epiphyseal plate
What are the names of the openings found around the margins of the vertebral body
Nutrient foramina or vascular foramina
What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?
The basivertebral venous foramen
What is the name of the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicle?
The superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
The inferior vertebral notch of inferior vertebral incisure
What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
Cervical- posterolateral
Thoracic- posterior, slightly lateral
Lumbar- posterior
What is the name given to the anterior part of the vertebral arch?
The pedicle
All lamina are oriented in what direction?
Posterior and median
What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray?
Shingling
What ligament will attach to the lamina?
The ligamentum flavum
What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?
Para-articular process
What classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?
Accessory bone
What is the name given to the lamina-pedicle junction at each region of the spine?
Cervical-articular pillar
Thoracic and lumbar-pars interarticularis
What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch-spinous process on lateral X-ray?
The spinolaminar junction
What is the name given to the tubular bone growth regions of the vertebral arch?
The apophyseal regions
What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine?
The transverse apophysis or transverse process; articular apophysis or articular process; spinous apophysis or spinous process
What is the generic orientatiion of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?
Cervical- anterolateral
Thoracic- posterolateral
Lumbar- lateral
All non-rib-bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?
The costal element
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region
Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward and downward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?
The growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward
What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral couple
The zigapophysis
What is the name given to the bone surface at the front of a zygapophysis?
Superior articular facet
What is the name given to the bone surface at the back of a zygapophysis
The inferior articular facet
In the vertebral couplle, the part of the vertebra which lies anterior to the zygaphophysis is called the….
Pre-zygapophysis
In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies posterior to the zygapophysis is called the….
Post-zygapophysis
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis?
The superior articular process or superior articular apophysis
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the post-zygapophysis?
The inferior articular process or inferior articular apophysis
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The inferior articular process/post-zygapophysis, the superior articular process/pre-zygapophysis, the capsular ligament and the ligamentum flavum
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The vertebral body of the segment above, the vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc, and the posterior longitudinal ligament
What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/spinous apophysis?
Calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/spinous apophysis and the horizontal plane
What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophyses as seen on X-ray?
Imbrication
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the tip of the spinous process/spinous apophysis?
The spinous tubercle
What is the orientation of the spinous process/spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?
Cervical- slight angle inferiorly
Thoracic- noticeable angle inferiorly
Lumbar- no inferior angle
What is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/vertebral column?
Cecrvical-triangular; thoracic- oval; lumbar- triangular; sacrum- triangular
At what vertebral level will the spinal cord typically terminate?
L1
At what vertebral level will the dural sac typically terminate?
S2
Which of the segmental arteries will arise from the internal iliac artery?
The iliolumbar and lateral sacral arteries
Identify all segmental arteries
Vertebral, ascending cervical, deep cervical, superior (highest) intercostal, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, iliolumbar, lateral sacral and median (middle) sacral
What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine?
The vertebral artery, ascending cervical artery and deep cervical artery
What are the segmental arteries of the thoracic spine?
The deep cervical artery, superior (highest) intercostal artery, posterior intercostal artery and subcostal artery
What are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine?
The lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median (middle) sacral artery
What are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra?
The iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median (middle) sacral artery
What segmental levels are supplied by the ascending cervical artery?
C1-C6
What segmental levels are supplied by the deep cervical artery?
C7-T1
What segmental levels are supplied by the superior (highest) intercostal artery?
T1,T2
What segmental levels are supplied by the posterior intercostal artery?
T3-T11
What segmental levels are supplied by the subcostal artery?
T12
What segmental levels are supplied by the lumbar arteries?
L1-L4
What segmental levels are supplied by the median (middle) sacral artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
What segmental levels is/are supplied by the iliolumbar artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
What segmental levels is/are supplied by the lateral sacral artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
Which vertebra has the greatest number of segmental arteries associated with it?
L5
What are the segmental arteries for L5?
Iliolumbar artery, median (middle) sacral artery and lateral sacral artery
What branch of the segmental artery supplies the vertebra and the paravertebral region?
Dorsospinal artery
Which artery is primarily observed in the distal part of the intervertebral foramen?
Spinal artery
What are the branches of the spinal artery?
Osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery, anterior medullary feeder artery, posterior medullary feeder artery, anterior radicular artery, posterior radicular artery
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space?
Osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?
Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the subarachnoid space?
Anterior radicular artery, posterior radicular artery, anterior medullary feeder artery, posterior medullary feeder artery
Which vessel will supply the ventral/anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root?
Anterior radicular artery
Which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve rootlets, nerve root and nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular artery
Which artery is now said to enlarge and form the medullary feeder artery?
The radicular artery
What is the location and number of medullary feeder arteries present in the adult?
9 anterior and 12 posterior medullary feeder arteries
What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?
Anterior spinal artery
The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
The vertebral artery
Is the anterior spinal artery a single, continous artery along the spinal cord?
No
As tthe anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
Anterior medullary feeder arteries
The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery
What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord?
It lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord
As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
Posterior medullary feeder arteriees
What forms the arterial vasa corona above C3?
Right and left anterior spinal arteries, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 4 communicating arteries
What forms the arterial vasa corona below C6?
A median anterior spinal artery, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 3 communicating arteries
What is the generic name given to arteries that penetrate the spinal cord?
Intramedullary arteries
What is the intramedullary branches of the arterial vasa corona?
Pial perforating arteries and central/vental/sulcal perforating arteries
What artery gives off the ventral/central/sulcal perforating arteries?
The anterior spinal artery
What arteries are responsible for supplementing the arterial vasa corona along the cord?
Anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders
What vessels drain the spinal cord?
Pial veins
What will pial veins drain into?
Venous vasa corona
Which vessels form the venous vasa corona?
Right and left anterior longitudinal veins, right and left posterior longitudinal veins, and 4 communicating veins
Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?
Anterior medullary veins, posterior medullary veins
Which vessels will drain the ventral/anterior nerve roots?
Anterior radicular veins
What vessel will drain the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular veins
What veins will lie in the subarachnoid space?
Pial veins, venous vasa corona, anterior longitudinal veins, posterior longitudinal veins, communicating veins, anterior medullary veins, posterior medullary veins, anterior radicular veins, posterior radicular veins
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein
What veins are observed in thhe epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?
Intervertebral veins
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinalis) and the commonly accepted meaning of each
Dura mater- tough mother; arachnoid mater- spider mother; pia mater- tender or delicate mother
What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?
Interstitial fluid
What are the vascular contents of the epidural space?
Anterior and posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Anterior and posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
What are the neural contents of the epidural space?
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve
What ligaments are associated with the epidural space?
Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
Ligamentum flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Which of the blood vessels of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Which of the nerves of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve
Which of the ligaments of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
Posterior longitudinal ligament and hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
Which of the blood vessels of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?
Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Which of the nerves of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve
