Quiz Questions for Cases 1-8 Flashcards
Laryngeal hemiplagia can result when what nerve is affected by insult or injury?
recurrrent laryngeal nerve
What muscle is responsible for opening the glottis?
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
What is number 2?
vocal fold
What is number 1?
corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage
What laryngeal cartilage is paired?
arytenoid cartilage
What structure divides the guttural pouch into a large medial and a smaller lateral compartment?
stylohyoid
What is number 3?
internal carotid artery
Loss of motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression can be caused by damage to which cranial nerve?
the facial
What is number 2?
internal carotid artery
True or False: Epistaxis can be best defined as bleeding from either the nose or mouth.
FALSE
In the unborn foal, where is blood shunted from and to through the ductus arteriosus?
from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta
True or False: When compared to urea, creatine is a larger molecule that is not as easily diffusible across membranes.
TRUE
You are presented with a 3 day old foal that you suspect has a ruptured bladder. What blood electrolyte profiles (Na, Cl, and K) would you be most likely to see?
Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia
In general, what effect does aldosterone have on serum electrolyte concentrations?
Increase Na+ and decrease K+
True or False: Failure of passive transfer must be corrected by IV plasma in foals after 24 hours because the specialized enterocytes in the GI tract capable of absorbing large molecules like immunoglobulins intact by pinocytosis are shed and replaced by more mature cells incapable of absorbing immunoglobulins by that time.
TRUE
Calcitonin is produced by the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland. What is the net effect of its release on serum calcium and phosphate levels?
Decrease calcium and decrease phosphate
True or False: Animals that are fed and maintained on a diet that is high in calcium will absorb a greater percentage of the dietary calcium than an animal on a calcium restricted diet.
FALSE
Which of the following organs is not involved in regulating plasma Ca2+ levels? A. skin B. lungs C. Kidneys D. Intestine E. Liver
B. lungs
True or False: Calcium ions are an important second messenger for muscle contraction. In the case of smooth muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed and a majority of the calcium required to trigger contraction comes from extracellular sources.
TRUE
What type of muscle is connected by intercalated discs with extensive gap junctions along side them that allows for the spread of excitation?
cardiac
Which of the following hormones is not released by the anterior pituitary? A. prolactin B. oxytocin C. growth hormone D. follicle stimulating hormone
B. oxytocin
In which area of the adrenal cortex is aldosterone produced?
zona glomerulosa
What would happen to cortisol levels if a normal horse is administered dexamethasone?
decrease
True or False: The hormone that stimulates the synthesis and release of cortisol is produced in the anterior pituitary.
TRUE
What volume of fluids would be required to correct a fluid deficit in an 1100 pound horse that is estimated to be 8% dehydrated? (Give your answer in liters)
40 L
True or False: The intracellular environment has a much higher potassium concentration than the extracellular space.
TRUE
Of the three main arterial branches supplying blood to the gastrointestinal tract which one supplies the jejunum?
cranial mesenteric
True or False: Visceral pain will be felt in a hollow organ, such as the small intestine, if the tissue is cut with a scalpel.
FALSE
Where is the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus found?
between the longitudinal and circular muscular layers
Which abdominal muscle has fibers that run caudoventrally?
external abdominal oblique
The blood supply to the abomasum is provided by which arterial branch off the abdominal aorta?
celiac artery
The body has many strategies for maintaining the pH with in a very well defined range. Of the following mechanisms, intracellular buffering by proteins and phosphates, the respiratory system, and the kidney, which one is the slowest to respond to a pH fluctuation?
the kidney
Administration of hypertonic saline will cause an ___________ in the intravascular osmotic pressure.
increase
What is E?
duodenum
Which cell of the glandular mucosa of the stomach is responsible for producing pepsinogens?
chief cell
Which of the following compounds does NOT directly stimulate parietal cell HCl secretion?
a. serotonin
b. gastrin
c. histamine
d. acetylcholine
a. serotonin
What type of epithelium lines the upper compartment of the equine stomach?
stratified squamous
True or False: During the production of HCl, hydrogen ions are secreted into the lumen through an H+/K+ ATPase pump and the chloride ion is released into the lumen in combination with K+. The result is a net loss of K+ by the cell.
FALSE
You have two horses, one that has been held off feed for 24 hours and the other that has been given free choice hay over that same time period. Which one would most likely have the lower gastric pH?
the one that was held off of feed
