Quiz Questions for Cases 1-8

Question 1

Laryngeal hemiplagia can result when what nerve is affected by insult or injury?

Answer 1

recurrrent laryngeal nerve

Question 2

What muscle is responsible for opening the glottis?

Answer 2

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

Question 3

What is number 2?

Answer 3

vocal fold

Question 4

What is number 1?

Answer 4

corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage

Question 5

What laryngeal cartilage is paired?

Answer 5

arytenoid cartilage

Question 6

What structure divides the guttural pouch into a large medial and a smaller lateral compartment?

Answer 6

stylohyoid

Question 7

What is number 3?

Answer 7

internal carotid artery

Question 8

Loss of motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression can be caused by damage to which cranial nerve?

Answer 8

the facial

Question 9

What is number 2?

Answer 9

internal carotid artery

Question 10

True or False: Epistaxis can be best defined as bleeding from either the nose or mouth.

Answer 10

FALSE

Question 11

In the unborn foal, where is blood shunted from and to through the ductus arteriosus?

Answer 11

from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta

Question 12

True or False: When compared to urea, creatine is a larger molecule that is not as easily diffusible across membranes.

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

You are presented with a 3 day old foal that you suspect has a ruptured bladder. What blood electrolyte profiles (Na, Cl, and K) would you be most likely to see?

Answer 13

Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia

Question 14

In general, what effect does aldosterone have on serum electrolyte concentrations?

Answer 14

Increase Na+ and decrease K+

Question 15

True or False: Failure of passive transfer must be corrected by IV plasma in foals after 24 hours because the specialized enterocytes in the GI tract capable of absorbing large molecules like immunoglobulins intact by pinocytosis are shed and replaced by more mature cells incapable of absorbing immunoglobulins by that time.

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

Calcitonin is produced by the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland. What is the net effect of its release on serum calcium and phosphate levels?

Answer 16

Decrease calcium and decrease phosphate

Question 17

True or False: Animals that are fed and maintained on a diet that is high in calcium will absorb a greater percentage of the dietary calcium than an animal on a calcium restricted diet.

Answer 17

FALSE

Question 18

Which of the following organs is not involved in regulating plasma Ca2+ levels? A. skin B. lungs C. Kidneys D. Intestine E. Liver

Answer 18

B. lungs

Question 19

True or False: Calcium ions are an important second messenger for muscle contraction. In the case of smooth muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed and a majority of the calcium required to trigger contraction comes from extracellular sources.

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

What type of muscle is connected by intercalated discs with extensive gap junctions along side them that allows for the spread of excitation?

Answer 20

cardiac

Question 21

Which of the following hormones is not released by the anterior pituitary? A. prolactin B. oxytocin C. growth hormone D. follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 21

B. oxytocin

Question 22

In which area of the adrenal cortex is aldosterone produced?

Answer 22

zona glomerulosa

Question 23

What would happen to cortisol levels if a normal horse is administered dexamethasone?

Answer 23

decrease

Question 24

True or False: The hormone that stimulates the synthesis and release of cortisol is produced in the anterior pituitary.

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

What volume of fluids would be required to correct a fluid deficit in an 1100 pound horse that is estimated to be 8% dehydrated? (Give your answer in liters)

Answer 25

40 L

Question 26

True or False: The intracellular environment has a much higher potassium concentration than the extracellular space.

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

Of the three main arterial branches supplying blood to the gastrointestinal tract which one supplies the jejunum?

Answer 27

cranial mesenteric

Question 28

True or False: Visceral pain will be felt in a hollow organ, such as the small intestine, if the tissue is cut with a scalpel.

Answer 28

FALSE

Question 29

Where is the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus found?

Answer 29

between the longitudinal and circular muscular layers

Question 30

Which abdominal muscle has fibers that run caudoventrally?

Answer 30

external abdominal oblique

Question 31

The blood supply to the abomasum is provided by which arterial branch off the abdominal aorta?

Answer 31

celiac artery

Question 32

The body has many strategies for maintaining the pH with in a very well defined range. Of the following mechanisms, intracellular buffering by proteins and phosphates, the respiratory system, and the kidney, which one is the slowest to respond to a pH fluctuation?

Answer 32

the kidney

Question 33

Administration of hypertonic saline will cause an ___________ in the intravascular osmotic pressure.

Answer 33

increase

Question 34

What is E?

Answer 34

duodenum

Question 35

Which cell of the glandular mucosa of the stomach is responsible for producing pepsinogens?

Answer 35

chief cell

Question 36

Which of the following compounds does NOT directly stimulate parietal cell HCl secretion?

a. serotonin
b. gastrin
c. histamine
d. acetylcholine

Answer 36

a. serotonin

Question 37

What type of epithelium lines the upper compartment of the equine stomach?

Answer 37

stratified squamous

Question 38

True or False: During the production of HCl, hydrogen ions are secreted into the lumen through an H+/K+ ATPase pump and the chloride ion is released into the lumen in combination with K+. The result is a net loss of K+ by the cell.

Answer 38

FALSE

Question 39

You have two horses, one that has been held off feed for 24 hours and the other that has been given free choice hay over that same time period. Which one would most likely have the lower gastric pH?

Answer 39

the one that was held off of feed